综合点评

Orchid这篇非常高频，重复2017年10月14日，2018年3月31日，2019年6月15日，2019年12月21日和2020年11月21日考题

Passage one

学科分类

题目

历史

意大利工业革命

内容回忆

Reasons of Italian’s decline in the market，讲了主要原因不是increasing tax 而是外国import（外国import的原因是Italian的labor pay太多了）

参考阅读

类似In the late nineteenth century, political and social changes were occurring rapidly in Siam (now Thailand). The old ruling families were being displaced by an evolving centralized government. These families were pensioned off (given a sum of money to live on) or simply had their revenues taken away or restricted; their sons were enticed away to schools for district officers, later to be posted in some faraway province; and the old patron- client relations that had bound together local societies simply disintegrated. Local rulers could no longer protect their relatives and attendants in legal cases , and with the ending in 1905 of the practice of forcing peasant farmers to work part-time for local rulers, the rulers no longer had a regular base for relations with rural populations. The old local ruling families, then, were severed from their traditional social context.

The same situation viewed from the perspective of the rural population is even more complex. According to the government’s first census of the rural population, taken in 1905, there were about thirty thousand villages in Siam. This was probably a large increase over the figure even two or three decades earlier, during the late 1800s. It is difficult to imagine it now, but Siam’s Central Plain in the late 1800s was nowhere near as densely settled as it is today. There were still forests closely surrounding Bangkok into the last of the nineteenth century, and even at century’s end there were wild elephants and tigers roaming the countryside only twenty or thirty miles away.

Much population movement involved the opening up of new lands for rice cultivation. Two things made this possible and encouraged it to happen. First, the opening of the kingdom to the full force of international trade by the Boring Treaty (1855) rapidly encouraged economic specialization in the growing of rice, mainly to feed the rice-deficient portions of Asia (India and china in particular).The average annual volume of rice exported from Siam grew from under 60 million kilograms per year in the late 1850s to more than 660 million kilograms per year at the turn of the century; and over the same period the average price per kilogram doubled. During the same period, the area planted in rice increased from about 230,000 acres to more than350, 000 acres. This growth was achieved as the result of the collective decisions of thousands of peasants families to expand the amount of land they cultivated, clear and plant new land, or adopt more intensive methods of agriculture.

They were able to do so because of our second consideration. They were relatively freer than they had been half a century earlier. Over the course of the Fifth Reign (1868-1910), the ties that bound rural people to the aristocracy and local ruling elites were greatly reduced. Peasants now paid a tax on individuals instead of being required to render labor service to the government. Under these conditions, it made good sense to thousands of peasant families to in effect work full-time at what they had been able to do only part-time previously because of the requirement to work for the government: grow rice for the marketplace.

Numerous changes accompanied these developments. The rural population both dispersed and grew, and was probably less homogeneous and more mobile than it had been a generation earlier. The villages became more vulnerable to arbitrary treatment by government bureaucrats as local elites now had less control over them. By the early twentieth century, as government modernization in a sense caught up with what had been happening in the countryside since the 1870s, the government bureaucracy intruded more and more into village life. Provincial police began to appear, along with district officers and cattle registration and land deeds and registration forcompulsory military service. Village handicrafts diminished or died out completely as people bought imported consumer goods, like cloth and tools, instead of making them themselves. More economic variation took shape in rural villages, as some grew prosperous from farming while others did not. As well as can be measured, rural standards of living improved in the Fifth Reign. But the statistical averages mean little when measured against the harsh realities of peasant life.

Passage two

学科分类

题目

生物

可以通过散发female sense 来吸引prey的orchid

内容回忆

重复2017年10月14日，2018年3月31日，2019年6月15日，2019年12月21日和2020年11月21日考题

有的植物可以散发出与雌虫相似的味道吸引雄虫（male bee）来帮自己传粉。大概讲了有的植物靠花蜜（nectar）为虫子提供食物来吸引pollinator，但也很多植物散发雌虫的味道，吸引雄性pollinator。兰花蜡质表皮（waxy coat）—开始的作用是protection and waterproofing （此处有题，问一开始的作用是什么，答案选防水），依靠散发floral scent来吸引昆虫授粉。

后来用waxy coat假装自己是female insect散发荷尔蒙，导致雄性昆虫分不清花朵和雌虫。一般的授粉过程都伴随着昆虫食用花朵的花蜜，但这个特殊的授粉并没有给昆虫提供任何的reward，因此许多植物就可以不再用花蜜吸引pollinator，这样可以save energy

参考阅读

类似Protection of Plants by Insects

Many plants - one or more species of at least 68 different families - can secrete nectar even when they have no blossoms, because they bear extrafloral nectaries (structures that produce nectar) on stems, leaves, leaf stems, or other structures.These plants usually occur where ants are abundant, most in the tropics but some in temperate areas. Among those of northeastern North America are various plums, cherries, roses, hawthorns, poplars, and oaks. Like floral nectar, extrafloral nectar consists mainly of water with a high content of dissolved sugars and, in some plants, small amounts of amino acids. The extrafloral nectaries of some plants are known to attract ants and other insects, but the evolutionary history of most plants with these nectaries is unknown. Nevertheless, most ecologists believe that all extrafloral nectaries attract insects that will defend the plant.

Ants are portably the most frequent and certainly the most persistent defenders of plants. Since the highly active worker ants require a great deal of energy, plants exploit this need by providing extrafloral nectar that supplies ants with abundant energy. To return this favor, ants guard the nectaries, driving away or killing intruding insects that might compete with ants for nectar. Many of these intruders are herbivorous and would eat the leaves of the plants.

Biologists once thought that secretion of extrafloral nectar has some purely internal physiological function, and that ants provide no benefit whatsoever to the plants that secrete it. This view and the opposing “protectionist” hypothesis that ants defend plants had been disputed for over a hundred years when, in 1910, a skeptical William Morton Wheeler commented on the controversy. He called for proof of the protectionist view: that visitations of the ants confer protection on the plants and that in the absence of the insects a much greater number would perish or fail to produce flowers or seeds than when the insects are present. That we now have an abundance of the proof that was called for was established when Barbara Bentley reviewed the relevant evidence in 1977, and since then many more observations and experiments have provided still further proof that ants benefit plants.

One example shows how ants attracted to extrafloral nectaries protect morning glories against attacking insects. The principal insect enemies of the North American morning glory feed mainly on its flowers or fruits rather than its leaves. Grasshoppers feeding on flowers indirectly block pollination and the production of seeds by destroying the corolla or the stigma, which receives the pollen grains and on which the pollen germinates. Without their colorful corolla, flowers do not attract pollinators and are not fertilized. An adult grasshopper can consume a large corolla, about 2.5 inches long, in an hour. Caterpillars and seed beetles affect seed production directly. Caterpillars devour the ovaries, where the seeds are produced, and seed beetle larvae eat seeds as they burrow in developing fruits.

Extrafloral nectaries at the base of each sepal attract several kinds of insects, but 96 percent of them are ants, several different species of them. When buds are still small, less than a quarter of an inch long, the sepal nectaries are already present and producing nectar. They continue to do so as the flower develops and while the fruit matures. Observations leave little doubt that ants protect morning glory flowers and fruits from the combined enemy force of grasshoppers, caterpillars, and seed beetles. Bentley compares the seed production of six plants that grew where there were no ants with that of seventeen plants that were occupied by ants. Unprotected plants bore only 45 seeds per plant, but plants occupied by ants bore 211 seeds per plant. Although ants are not big enough to kill or seriously injure grasshoppers, they drive them away by nipping at their feet. Seed beetles are more vulnerable because they are much smaller than grasshoppers. The ants prey on the adult beetles, disturb females as they lay their eggs on developing fruits, and eat many of the eggs they do manage to lay.

Passage three

学科分类

题目

艺术

Modern art

内容回忆

focusing more on intellectual meaning’s development from15th-19th century

参考阅读

类似The Navajo, a Native American people living in the southwestern United States, live in small scattered settlements. In many respects, such as education, occupation, and leisure activities, their life is like that of other groups that contribute to the diverse social fabric of North American culture in the twenty-first century. At the same time, they have retained some traditional cultural practices that are associated with particular art forms. For example, the most important traditional Navajo rituals include the production of large floor paintings. These are actually made by pouring thin, finely controlled streams of colored sands or pulverized vegetable and mineral substances, pollen, and flowers in precise patterns on the ground. The largest of these paintings may be up to 5.5 meters in diameter and cover the entire floor of a room. Working from the inside of the design outward, the Navajo artist and his assistants will sift the black, white, bluish-gray, orange, and red materials through their fingers to create the finely detailed imagery. The paintings and chants used in the ceremonies are directed by well-trained artists and singers who enlist the aid of spirits who are impersonated by masked performers. The twenty-four known Navajo chants can be represented by up to 500 sand paintings. These complex paintings serve as memory aids to guide the singers during the performance of the ritual songs, which can last up to nine days.

The purpose and meaning of the sand paintings can be explained by examining one of the most basic ideals of Navajo society, embodied in their word hozho (beauty or harmony, goodness, and happiness). It coexists with hochxo ("ugliness," or "evil," and "disorder") in a world where opposing forces of dynamism and stability create constant change. When the world, which was created in beauty, becomes ugly and disorderly, the Navajo gather to perform rituals with songs and make sand paintings to restore beauty and harmony to the world. Some illness is itself regarded as a type of disharmony. Thus, the restoration of harmony through a ceremony can be part of a curing process.

Men make sand paintings that are accurate copies of paintings from the past. The songs sung over the paintings are also faithful renditions of songs from the past. By re-creating these arts, which reflect the original beauty of creation, the Navajo bring beauty to the present world. As relative newcomers to the Southwest, a place where their climate, neighbors, and rulers could be equally inhospitable, the Navajo created these art forms to affect the world around them, not just through the recounting of the actions symbolized, but through the beauty and harmony of the artworks themselves. The paintings generally illustrate ideas and events from the life of a mythical hero, who, after being healed by the gods, gave gifts of songs and paintings. Working from memory, the artists re-create the traditional form of the image as accurately as possible.

The Navajo are also world-famous for the designs on their woven blankets. Navajo women own the family flocks, control the shearing of the sheep, the carding, the spinning, and dying of the thread, and the weaving of the fabrics. While the men who make faithful copies of sand paintings from the past represent the principle of stability in Navajo thought, women embody dynamism and create new designs for every weaving they make. Weaving is a paradigm of the creativity of a mythic ancestor named Spider Woman who wove the universe as a cosmic web that united earth and sky. It was she who, according to legend, taught Navajo women how to weave. As they prepare their materials and weave, Navajo women imitate the transformations that originally created the world. Working on their looms, Navajo weavers create images through which they experience harmony with nature. lt is their means of creating beauty and thereby contributing to the beauty, harmony, and healing of the world. Thus, weaving is a way of seeing the world and being part of it.

Passage

four

学科分类

题目

政治历史

中央集权废除贵族权利

内容回忆

中央集权废除贵族权利

参考阅读

类似Nineteenth-Century Politics in the United States

The development of the modern presidency in the United States began with Andrew Jackson who swept to power in 1829 at the head of the Democratic Party and served until 1837. During his administration, he immeasurably enlarged the power of the presidency. "The President is the direct representative of the American people," he lectured the Senate when it opposed him. "He was elected by the people, and is responsible to them." With this declaration, Jackson redefined the character of the presidential office and its relationship to the people.

During Jackson's second term, his opponents had gradually come together to form the Whig party. Whigs and Democrats held different attitudes toward the changes brought about by the market, banks, and commerce. The Democrats tended to view society as a continuing conflict between "the people”—farmers, planters, and workers—and a set of greedy aristocrats. This "paper money aristocracy" of bankers and investors manipulated the banking system for their own profit, Democrats claimed, and sapped the nation's virtue by encouraging speculation and the desire for sudden, unearned wealth. The Democrats wanted the rewards of the market without sacrificing the features of a simple agrarian republic. They wanted the wealth that the market offered without the competitive, changing society; the complex dealing; the dominance of urban centers; and the loss of independence that came with it.

Whigs, on the other hand, were more comfortable with the market. For them, commerce and economic development were agents of civilization. Nor did the Whigs envision any conflict in society between farmers and workers on the one hand and businesspeople and bankers on the other. Economic growth would benefit everyone by raising national income and expanding opportunity. The government's responsibility was to provide a well-regulated economy that guaranteed opportunity for citizens of ability.

Whigs and Democrats differed not only in their attitudes toward the market but also about how active the central government should be in people's lives. Despite Andrew Jackson's inclination to be a strong President, Democrats as a rule believed in limited government. Government's role in the economy was to promote competition by destroying monopolies' and special privileges. In keeping with this philosophy of limited government, Democrats also rejected the idea that moral beliefs were the proper sphere of government action. Religion and politics, they believed, should be kept clearly separate, and they generally opposed humanitarian legislation.

The Whigs, in contrast, viewed government power positively. They believed that it should be used to protect individual rights and public liberty, and that it had a special role where individual effort was ineffective. By regulating the economy and competition, the government could ensure equal opportunity. Indeed, for Whigs the concept of government promoting the general welfare went beyond the economy. In particular, Whigs in the northern sections of the United States also believed that government power should be used to foster the moral welfare of the country. They were much more likely to favor social-reform legislation and aid to education.

In some ways the social makeup of the two parties was similar. To be competitive in winning votes, Whigs and Democrats both had to have significant support among farmers, the largest group in society, and workers. Neither party could win an election by appealing exclusively to the rich or the poor. The Whigs, however, enjoyed disproportionate strength among the business and commercial classes. Whigs appealed to planters who needed credit to finance their cotton and rice trade in the world market, to farmers who were eager to sell their surpluses, and to workers who wished to improve themselves. Democrats attracted farmers isolated from the market or uncomfortable with it, workers alienated from the emerging industrial system, and rising entrepreneurs who wanted to break monopolies and open the economy to newcomers like themselves. The Whigs were strongest in the towns, cities, and those rural areas that were fully integrated into the market economy, whereas Democrats dominated areas of semisubsistence farming that were more isolated and languishing economically.

Passage

five

学科分类

题目

商科

荷兰在17、18世纪时候的贸易状况

内容回忆

荷兰在17、18世纪时候的贸易状况，一个阶段主要靠一些food stuff，之后是靠service industry，虽然food stuff和service industry后来都没落了，特别是rural areas，但是这并不妨碍荷兰成为称霸欧洲的一个中心，因为这里还是贸易中心且有价格优势

参考阅读

类似Seventeenth-Century European Economic Growth

In the late sixteenth century and into the seventeenth, Europe continued the growth that had lifted it out of the relatively less prosperous medieval period (from the mid 400s to the late 1400s). Among the key factors behind this growth were increased agricultural productivity and an expansion of trade.

Populations cannot grow unless the rural economy can produce enough additional food to feed more people. During the sixteenth century, farmers brought more land into cultivation at the expense of forests and fens (low-lying wetlands). Dutch land reclamation in the Netherlands in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries provides the most spectacular example of the expansion of farmland: the Dutch reclaimed more than 36.000 acres from 1590 to 1615 alone.

Much of the potential for European economic development lay in what at first glance would seem to have been only sleepy villages. Such villages, however, generally lay in regions of relatively advanced agricultural production, permitting not only the survival of peasants but also the accumulation of an agricultural surplus for investment. They had access to urban merchants, markets, and trade routes.

Increased agricultural production in turn facilitated rural industry, an intrinsic part of the expansion of industry. Woolens and textile manufacturers, in particular, utilized rural cottage (in-home) production, which took advantage of cheap and plentiful rural labor. In the German states, the ravages of the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648) further moved textile production into the countryside. Members of poor peasant families spun or wove cloth and linens at home for scant remuneration in an attempt to supplement meager family income.

More extended trading networks also helped develop Europe's economy in this period. English and Dutch ships carrying rye from the Baltic states reached Spain and Portugal. Population growth generated an expansion of small-scale manufacturing, particularly of handicrafts, textiles, and metal production in England, Flanders, parts of northern Italy, the southwestern German states, and parts of Spain. Only iron smelting and mining required marshaling a significant amount of capital (wealth invested to create more wealth).

The development of banking and other financial services contributed to the expansion of trade. By the middle of the sixteenth century, financiers and traders commonly accepted bills of exchange in place of gold or silver for other goods. Bills of exchange, which had their origins in medieval Italy, were promissory notes (written promises to pay a specified amount of money by a certain date) that could be sold to third parties. In this way, they provided credit. At mid-century, an Antwerp financier only slightly exaggerated when he claimed, “0ne can no more trade without bills of exchange than sail without water." Merchants no longer had to carry gold and silver over long, dangerous journeys. An Amsterdam merchant purchasing soap from a merchant in Marseille could go to an exchanger and pay the exchanger the equivalent sum in guilders, the Dutch currency. The exchanger would then send a bill of exchange to a colleague in Marseille, authorizing the colleague to pay the Marseille merchant in the merchant's own currency after the actual exchange of goods had taken place.

Bills of exchange contributed to the development of banks, as exchangers began to provide loans. Not until the   eighteenth century, however, did such banks as the Bank of Amsterdam and the Bank of England begin to provide capital for business investment. Their principal function was to provide funds for the state.

The rapid expansion in international trade also benefitted from an infusion of capital, stemming largely from gold and silver brought by Spanish vessels from the Americas. This capital financed the production of goods, storage, trade, and even credit across Europe and overseas. Moreover an increased credit supply was generated by investments and loans by bankers and wealthy merchants to states and by joint-stock partnerships—an English innovation (the first major company began in 1600). Unlike short-term financial cooperation between investors for a single commercial undertaking, joint-stock companies provided permanent funding of capital by drawing on the investments of merchants and other investors who purchased shares in the company.

Passage

six

学科分类

题目

生物

Squirrel

内容回忆

松鼠如何吃松果，以及和松树习性之间的联系

参考阅读

类似Survival and successful reproduction usually require the activities of animals to be coordinated with predictable events around them. Consequently, the timing and rhythms of biological functions must closely match periodic events like the solar day, the tides, the lunar cycle, and the seasons. The relations between animal activity and these periods, particularly for the daily rhythms, have been of such interest and importance that a huge amount of work has been done on them and the special research field of chronobiology has emerged. Normally, the constantly changing levels of an animal's activity—sleeping, feeding, moving, reproducing, metabolizing, and producing enzymes and hormones, for example—are well coordinated with environmental rhythms, but the key question is whether the animal's schedule is driven by external cues, such as sunrise or sunset, or is instead dependent somehow on internal timers that themselves generate the observed biological rhythms. Almost universally, biologists accept the idea that all eukaryotes (a category that includes most organisms except bacteria and certain algae) have internal clocks. By isolating organisms completely from external periodic cues, biologists learned that organisms have internal clocks. For instance, apparently normal daily periods of biological activity were maintained for about a week by the fungus Neurospora when it was intentionally isolated from all geophysical timing cues while orbiting in a space shuttle. The continuation of biological rhythms in an organism without external cues attests to its having an internal clock.

When crayfish are kept continuously in the dark, even for four to five months, their compound eyes continue to adjust on a daily schedule for daytime and nighttime vision. Horseshoe crabs kept in the dark continuously for a year were found to maintain a persistent rhythm of brain activity that similarly adapts their eyes on a daily schedule for bright or for weak light. Like almost all daily cycles of animals deprived of environmental cues, those measured for the horseshoe crabs in these conditions were not exactly 24 hours. Such a rhythm whose period is approximately—but not exactly—a day is called circadian. For different individual horseshoe crabs, the circadian period ranged from 22.2 to 25.5 hours. A particular animal typically maintains its own characteristic cycle duration with great precision for many days. Indeed, stability of the biological clock's period is one of its major features, even when the organism's environment is subjected to considerable changes in factors, such as temperature, that would be expected to affect biological activity strongly. Further evidence for persistent internal rhythms appears when the usual external cycles are shifted—either experimentally or by rapid east-west travel over great distances. Typically, the animal's daily internally generated cycle of activity continues without change. As a result, its activities are shifted relative to the external cycle of the new environment. The disorienting effects of this mismatch between external time cues and internal schedules may persist, like our jet lag, for several days or weeks until certain cues such as the daylight/darkness cycle reset the organism's clock to synchronize with the daily rhythm of the new environment.

Animals need natural periodic signals like sunrise to maintain a cycle whose period is precisely 24 hours. Such an external cue not only coordinates an animal's daily rhythms with particular features of the local solar day but also—because it normally does so day after day-seems to keep the internal clock's period close to that of Earth's rotation. Yet despite this synchronization of the period of the internal cycle, the animal's timer itself continues to have its own genetically built-in period close to, but different from, 24 hours. Without the external cue, the difference accumulates and so the internally regulated activities of the biological day drift continuously, like the tides, in relation to the solar day. This drift has been studied extensively in many animals and in biological activities ranging from the hatching of fruit fly eggs to wheel running by squirrels. Light has a predominating influence in setting the clock. Even a fifteen-minute burst of light in otherwise sustained darkness can reset an animal's circadian rhythm. Normally, internal rhythms are kept in step by regular environmental cycles. For instance, if a homing pigeon is to navigate with its Sun compass, its clock must be properly set by cues provided by the daylight/darkness cycle.

Passage

Seven

学科分类

题目

天文

天文学的起源

内容回忆

现在的人总是认为天文学一开始是与科学或者是宗教连接起来的，但是实际上天文学在开始的时候都是有一些实用性的目的的，比如说可以用天文学来进行导航，也有的农民通过天文学来知道耕种的一个时间。

因此后来人们就慢慢的通过观察形象来了解到底到了哪一个具体的季节。慢慢有这些作用之后，那些先知道这些技巧的人才慢慢把他们与宗教连接起来。

然后取了一个英国的一个巨石镇的一个例子，巨石镇有一个石头就离的这个阵列特别远，他是在每年日头长的那一天，太阳升起的方向放置的那个石头。

这个巨石阵排列的位置都是有具体的目的的，它与太阳和月亮的起落有关，但是实际到近几百年人们才确定巨石阵是有天文学的作用的。然后说中国人也在很早就开始观察星星，而且中国人会对于星星的突然爆发，以及长达好几个月的明亮来做出很明确的记录。实际上这个就是当时有一颗超新星的爆发被记录下来了，而这对于天文学的时间确定有很大的帮助作用。

参考阅读

类似The Sun is the hub of a huge rotating system consisting of nine planets, their satellites, and numerous small bodies, including asteroids, comets, and meteoroids. An estimated 99.85 percent of the mass of our solar system is contained within the Sun, while the planets collectively make up most of the remaining 0.15 percent. The planets, in order of their distance from the Sun, are Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto. Under the control of the Sun's gravitational force, each planet maintains an elliptical orbit and all of them travel in the same direction.

The planets in our solar system fall into two groups: the terrestrial (Earth-like) planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars) and the Jovian (Jupiter-like) planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune). Pluto is not included in either category, because its great distance from Earth and its small size make this planet's true nature a mystery.

The most obvious difference between the terrestrial and the Jovian planets is their size. The largest terrestrial planet, Earth has a diameter only one quarter as great as the diameter of the smallest Jovian planet, Neptune, and its mass is only one seventeenth as great. Hence, the Jovian planets are often called giants. Also, because of their relative locations, the four Jovian planets are known as the outer planets, while the terrestrial planets are known as the inner planets. There appears to be a correlation between the positions of these planets and their sizes.

Other dimensions along which the two groups differ markedly are density and composition. The densities of the terrestrial planets average about 5 times the density of water, whereas the Jovian planets have densities that average only 1.5 times the density of water. One of the outer planets, Saturn, has a density of only 0.7 that of water, which means that Saturn would float in water. Variations in the composition of the planets are largely responsible for the density differences. The substances that make up both groups of planets are divided into three groups—gases, rocks, and ices—based on their melting points. The terrestrial planets are mostly rocks: dense rocky and metallic material, with minor amounts of gases. The Jovian planets, on the other hand, contain a large percentage of the gases hydrogen and helium, with varying amounts of ices: mostly water, ammonia, and methane ices.

The Jovian planets have very thick atmospheres consisting of varying amounts of hydrogen, helium, methane, and ammonia. By comparison, the terrestrial planets have meager atmospheres at best. A planet's ability to retain an atmosphere depends on its temperature and mass. Simply stated, a gas molecule can "evaporate" from a planet if it reaches a speed known as the escape velocity. For Earth, this velocity is 11 kilometers per second. Any material, including a rocket, must reach this speed before it can leave Earth and go into space. The Jovian planets, because of their greater masses and thus higher surface gravities, have higher escape velocities (21-60 kilometers per second) than the terrestrial planets. Consequently, it is more difficult for gases to "evaporate" from them. Also, because the molecular motion of a gas depends on temperature, at the low temperatures of the Jovian planets even the lightest gases are unlikely to acquire the speed needed to escape. On the other hand, a comparatively warm body with a small surface gravity, like Earth's moon, is unable to hold even the heaviest gas and thus lacks an atmosphere. The slightly larger terrestrial planets Earth, Venus, and Mars retain some heavy gases like carbon dioxide, but even their atmospheres make up only an infinitesimally small portion of their total mass.

The orderly nature of our solar system leads most astronomers to conclude that the planets formed at essentially the same time and from the same material as the Sun. It is hypothesized that the primordial cloud of dust and gas from which all the planets are thought to have condensed had a composition somewhat similar to that of Jupiter. However, unlike Jupiter, the terrestrial planets today are nearly void of light gases and ices. The explanation may be that the   terrestrial planets were once much larger and richer in these materials but eventually lost them because of these bodies' relative closeness to the Sun, which meant that their temperatures were relatively high.

                          综合点评

整体偏难

                         Conversation1

话题分类

生活服务

内容回忆

自己的东西要被移出dormitory 了因为summer session 在和相关的staff商量

                         Conversation2

话题分类

学术类

内容回忆

对于essay的一个revise suggestion

                         Conversation3

话题分类

学术类

内容回忆

psychology 讲小孩子会不会planning

                               Lecture1

话题分类

生物

内容回忆

insect的一个器官的多重用处（biology）

                               Lecture2

话题分类

天文

内容回忆

关于moon magnetic的

                               Lecture3

话题分类

植物

内容回忆

potato’s development   origin一直到现在都有

                               Lecture4

话题分类

天文

内容回忆

The materials Solar industry use （silicon,等）

Task 1 二选一/偏爱

内容回忆

Some people like to attend a live performance or live sporting event, while others prefer to stay at home and watch it on TV or other electronic devices. Which do you prefer?

参考答案

As far as I am concerned, I’d prefer to stay at home to watch it. What I am thinking about is that there are so many good benefits. One of them is that I don’t have to be in line in order to enter the live house. I am sick of waiting for a long time. Besides, when I wait outside, sellers of food or drink may keep an eye on me, but I am a person who doesn’t want to refuse others. So, I assume that if I stay at home, I won’t be bothered or confused. What’s more, staying at home can be very flexible. While watching the live performance online, I am able to take it anywhere at home. No matter I tidy up room, grab a drink with chips, it is gonna be very comfortable. Most importantly, it won’t cost too much money in this case.

Task 2

阅读

学校打算在午餐的时间变成教授可以和学生自由交谈的时间。

听力

女生同意。提供了一个可以正式交谈的机会，因为教授平时很忙，但这就有机会可以和他们交流，从而加深自己的知识；提供了大家相互认识的机会，说学生平时都匆匆忙忙去上课交流机会也很少。

Task 3

阅读

test marketing

听力

听力举例：一个专门做儿童电影的公司，公司一次尝试做动画电影，就召集了一群儿童看动画，然后询问他们的意见，他们就可以对电影做一些变化。

Task 4

话题

两种昆虫刚孵化的孩子有食物的方法

听力

1. 先储存够足够的食物，然后离开；

2. 预先就在食物充足的地方产卵。

综合点评

这次托福考试写作部分整体难度适中.

其中，综合写作考查动物环境类，整体难度适中。

综合写作

话题分类

动物环境类

考题回忆

总论点

欧洲人到达澳大利亚的时间

阅读部分

分论点一：1. European maps around 1550 already included some names of Australian areas, which means they arrived before 17th century.

1.欧洲在1500年代就流传了关于澳大利亚的地图

分论点二：2. An European book dated in 1593 illustrates a type of kangaroo named Marsupial, and kangaroos are typically found in Australia.2.欧洲有本1953年的书讲到袋鼠。而袋鼠是澳大利亚很典型的动物，所以欧洲可能在1606年前就有关于澳大利亚的知识了。

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分论点三：3. Soil samples found on some old European keys unearthed in Australia indicate the date to early 16th century.3.有研究人员在澳大利亚找到了欧洲产的铁钥匙，并且分析了钥匙附近的土壤，发现土壤的日期可追溯到1500年代。

听力部分

分论点一：1. Shapes of those areas shown on the map are different from those of the actual areas in Australia.1.地图上的行状和澳大利亚不一样，而且地图都是二手店得到的，通常都有神秘故事色彩，不够准确;

分论点二：2. The illustration of Marsupials doesn’t mean the discovery of Australia as these animals exist in other parts of the world as well. Those mentioned in the book were probably found in Americas. 2.袋鼠并不都在澳大利亚，south and north America也有发现，欧洲人那时候已经explore了美国，所以可能是从那里得知的，不能说明他们达到了澳大利亚;

分论点三：3. Soil itself cannot be used to determine when these keys were left in Australia. Such method is simply inaccurate.3.后来研究人员用一种new, improved analysis method发现，date of the soil can not determine the date of the keys.

解题思路

范文

范文:

Both the reading and the listening discuss about the time when European arrived in Australia. The reading argues that European had reached Australia in 16^th century, while the lecturer casts doubt on this viewpoint.

First, as the reading suggests, there was a landmass marked in the place where the contemporary Australia locates in Asian map of that time. However, the listening points out that there is a drastic difference between the shape of that landmass and that of the Australia, which shows Europeans have never visited Australia at all.

Second, the reading mentions that marsupials were depicted on a brochure published in 1593, thererfore European must have reached Australia by that time. On the contrary, the lecturer refutes that not all marsupials are located in Australia and Northern America is another place inhabited by marsupials where Europeans reached in 16^th century.

Third, the reading passage suggests a metal key has been discovered which obviously belongs to Europeans and the dating result of the soil that accommodate the key indicate it is from 16^th century. On the other hand, the lecturer claims that soil itself can not be used to determine when these keys were left in Australia and that such method is simply inaccurate.

独立写作

话题分类

工作类

考题回忆

“Imagine you are working on a group project with two coworkers and the deadline (the time that the project should be submitted) is approaching. The project looks good but could be improved if you all work on it more; however, this would mean that you miss the deadline. One of your coworkers suggests submitting the project in its current condition to meet the deadline, while your other coworker thinks it is better to wait and submit the project after the deadline so that it is perfect. Which approach is better in your opinion: meeting deadlines even if a project is not yet perfect or submitting a project after a deadline so that it is perfect? Why?”

解题思路

写作思路：

要点： 可以用遵守时限的思路展开两个点再做一个让步

观点：同意遵守时间限定

1. conforming to the rule of the company is the bottom line of a qualified employee

2. Originality could stem from pressing demands rather than procrastination

3.Further inspirations can be perfected constantly and integrated into future projects

参考范文

范文：

Encountering such an increasingly fierce competition, every employee in business world is sparing no effort in fulfilling every job requirement. To be more eminent or to be punctual has become such a dilemma that we need to convince our team mates to comply with the deadline with corporate cultures, core values and work ethics. From my perspective, To present work results on time is just indispensable to guarantee personal success as well as company prosperity.

First, to meet the deadline lays a solid foundation for a smooth and productive work performance not just for the group but also for the company as a whole. In modern corporate world, people have become so dependent on each other that if one link of the whole assembly line is broken down, almost all the department would have to suffer a devastating impact. The company would have to confront lawsuits for tremendous loss of clients and the public image  of the company might be undermined by negative coverage about how irresponsible and unreliable the company is. Just like the most sophisticated spacecraft could be ruined by those seemingly trivial details, many great companies fails because of unsatisfactory implementation, which can be traced down to many irresponsible employee who refuse to comply with company requirements such as deadline, product quality and work ethics. This is why in every job description meeting the deadline is specified as basic principle for a qualified employee, regardless of the field, rank, position and characteristics of the job.

Besides, more often than not, having a time pressure helps unleash our creativity and work efficacy. Necessity is the mother of invention. When we are challenged by the due time of project, we would resort to our sapience, ingenuity, and collaborative endeavors to figure out the optimum route to success. By contrast, procrastination will bury the very motivation for us to progress, leaving us even more sense of frustration simply because a higher level of perfection without a time limit will surely undermine the work organization of the whole group and company.

Admittedly, maybe next inspiration is the most revolutionary one, some might argue. However, even for most prominent entrepreneurs like Steve Jobs or Elon Musk, deadlines are the life line of an enterprise, because it is fulfilling promise to customers, shareholders, business partners that defines the value of a company, not lack of implementation of principles and objectives. Every employee should have acute awareness of honoring their work duties.

In short, to be able to meet the deadline is paramount for the surviving and thriving of an employee and his company. Constant perfection as well as rigorous execution are the corner stones for a business to prosper and last.