综合点评

本次阅读考试整体难度不难，但是词汇部分比较冷门，牵涉很多专业词汇

Passage one

学科分类

题目

Environmental science环境科学

Urban heat island effect

内容回忆

城市的热岛效应，城市内部往往会与周围的环境有非常大的温度上的差别。

第1个原因是城市使用了各种各样建筑材料，这些建筑材料都是深色的建筑材料，这些深色的建筑材料往往会比较吸热，而在野外的环境当中，因为颜色往往比较浅，因此可以把热量反射回来。而且还有一个非常重要的原因是，在野外的环境当中，因为有树木来作为遮挡，因此在树木下面会有树荫，在这些地方温度是非常低的。但是在城市当中往往树荫会比较少，因此这就使得热量会积聚。

第2个原因是在在野外的环境当中，因为野外都是土地，而这些土地其实是可以把水给留下来的，而这些水其实就可以帮助散热降低温度。

但是在城市当中，因为地面全都被硬化了，水分在城市当中无法留下来，因为他们全都进入了城市的水道系统这溪水进入水道系统之后，就无法再帮助城市散热。

第三个原因是人们在城市当中会有两个方法来产生热量，第1个是在夏天的时候，人们为了让室内冷却，因此会使用空调，而这些空调会排放大量的热量到城市当中。第2个原因是，人们冬天在室内为了取暖也会产生大量的热量，而这些热量也会使得城市整体的温度上升。但是在野外因为没有人为产生的热量，因此也不会产生热岛效应。

参考阅读

48 Passage 3

For more than a hundred years, it has been known that cities are generally warmer than surrounding rural areas. This region of city warmth, known as the urban heat island, can influence the concentration of air pollution. However, before we look at its influence, let's see how the heat island actually forms.

The urban heat island is due to industrial and urban development. In rural areas, a large part of the incoming solar energy is used in evaporating water from vegetation and soil. In cities, where less vegetation and exposed soil exist, the majority of the Sun's energy is absorbed by urban structures and asphalt. Hence, during warm daylight hours, less evaporative cooling in cities allows surface temperatures to rise higher than in rural areas. The cause of the urban heat island is quite involved. Depending on the location, time of year, and time of day, any or all of the following differences between cities and their surroundings can be important: albedo (reflectivity of the surface), surface roughness, emissions of heat, emissions of moisture, and emissions of particles that affect net radiation and the growth of cloud droplets.

At night, the solar energy (stored as vast quantities of heat in city buildings and roads) is slowly released into the city air. Additional city heat is given off at night (and during the day) by vehicles and factories, as well as by industrial and domestic heating and cooling units. The release of heat energy is retarded by the tall vertical city walls that do not allow infrared radiation to escape as readily as does the relatively level surface of the surrounding countryside. The slow release of heat tends to keep nighttime city temperatures higher than those of the faster-cooling rural areas. Overall, the heat island is strongest at night when compensating sunlight is absent; during the winter, when nights are longer and there is more heat generated in the city; and when the region is dominated by a high-pressure area with light winds, clear skies, and less humid air. Over time, increasing urban heat islands affect climatological temperature records, producing artificial warming in climatic records taken in cities. This warming, therefore, must be accounted for in interpreting climate change over the past century.

The constant out pouring of pollutants into the environment may influence the climate of the city. Certain particles reflect solar radiation, thereby reducing the sunlight that reaches the surface. Some particles serve as nuclei upon which water and ice form. Water vapor condenses onto these particles when the relative humidity is as low as 70 percent, forming haze that greatly reduces visibility. Moreover, the added nuclei increase the frequency of city fog.

Studies suggest that precipitation may be greater in cities than in the surrounding countryside; this phenomenon may be due in part to the increased roughness of city terrain, brought on by large structures that cause surface air to slow and gradually converge. This piling up of air over the city then slowly rises, much like toothpaste does when its tube is squeezed. At the same time, city heat warms the surface air, making it more unstable, which enhances risings air motions, which, in turn, aids in forming clouds and thunderstorms. This process helps explain why both tend to be more frequent over cities.

On clear still nights when the heat island is pronounced, a small thermal low-pressure area forms over the city. Sometimes a light breeze-called a country breeze-blows from the countryside into the city. If there are major industrial areas along the outskirts, pollutants are carried into the heart of town, where they tend to concentrate. Such an event is especially probable if vertical mixing and dispersion of pollutants are inhibited. Pollutants from urban areas may even affect the weather downwind from them.

Passage two

学科分类

题目

Architecture 建筑学

Igloo

内容回忆

雪块砌成的圆棚小屋

加拿大等地区会用动物皮毛和雪一起建成圆棚建筑。虽然欧洲主流文化也有这个词但是他们的圆棚建筑是纯粹用雪建的。雪经过风吹和冷冻压缩，产生了里面有小气泡的冰，所以非常轻而且结实耐用。他们会用长的某种工具把雪砖弄出来建房子。屋里会在平台上放上兽皮当床，同时屋门外会有一小段走廊防止风进来，也防止热量散发出去。建的时候还有可能放一块冰当窗户透光。他们把房子健在比雪更低一点的地方这样可以防止风吹的太厉害。每住一段时间会出去让墙再冷冻一下，这样还可以填补冰砖上的小洞。后一段说他们的形状是—样的，和罗马的某种传统建筑不一样。罗马的建筑是圆拱形的，在建的时候需要有额外支撑，有一些在建成之后也需要支撑才可以。但是雪做的这种圆棚建筑承重能力非常好，甚至上面可以站一个人，因为这种com的结构把重量甶外面分散下来了

Passage three

学科分类

题目

Architecture 建筑学

Stone carving in Han Dynasty

内容回忆

汉代石雕（重复2020.8.26，2019.9.21，2018.06.02，2017.11.04，为2017年首考加试新题）

随着人们生活水平的提高和上层社会的攀比，原来只有皇帝才能用的石头墓葬形式开始向下层传播。另外还讲了祭祀祖先的仪式现在不在寺庙举行而在墓葬举行。后讲了石头不仅在地上广泛使用，而且在地下墓室实用的也很多。

Passage four

学科分类

题目

Biology 生物

Old and new primates

内容回忆

新旧灵长类动物

综合点评

本次考试听力难度偏大，有些冷门的话题出现，有分数追求的考生平时练习要在常见话题基础上拓展非主流话题的练习。

Conversation 1

话题分类

校园生活

内容回忆

professor要退休了，想给他办个party，和关于新老师的印象

参考练习：7C1

Conversation 2

话题分类

学术沟通

内容回忆

关于学生问老师讨论能否用音乐为基础编舞，和一个以音乐编舞而受欢迎的音乐家

参考练习：23L4

Conversation 3

话题分类

校园生活

内容回忆

学生的爸妈来学校看他，要订房间

参考练习：46C1

Lecture 1

话题分类

文学

内容回忆

文学作品对比

参考练习：13L3

Lecture 2

话题分类

艺术

内容回忆

拉菲奥画作的真假

参考练习：内部题目Mock18L1

Lecture 3

话题分类

数学

内容回忆

物体如何摆放才能腾出多的空间摆更多

Lecture 4

话题分类

天文

内容回忆

太阳系和太阳系外的星系的差别以及为何产生这种差别。

参考练习：42L2

Lecture 5

话题分类

考古

内容回忆

无具体回忆内容

Lecture 6

话题分类

地质

内容回忆

无具体回忆内容

Lecture 7

话题分类

超导体

内容回忆

无具体回忆内容

Task 1

内容回忆

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Professional athletes do not deserve the high salaries that they are paid

参考答案

I disagree with the statement, it is really reasonable and acceptable for those athletes to earn not only reputation but also wealth from those activities. First of all, they have a very specialized and in-demand skillset that requires years of practice and hard work, not to mention the risk of injury during the games and the short career span and possible life expectancy. And then it’s the supply and demand thing. If people are willing to spend large amounts of their money and time watching these athletes compete, they deserve to benefit from the fruits of their labor.

Task 2

阅读

学生提议弄international business program

听力

女生不同意，第二点是太贵了，要花很多钱之类

Task 3

阅读

reason attribution error

听力

举例教授自己有一台很旧的车，借给朋友后，车拿回来有异响，然后教授就怪他朋友搞坏了他的车，事实上是教授的车很旧了，有异响也正常

Task 4

话题

plants维护自己的方式

听力

一种是分泌化学物质，吸引bug来吃spider，另一种是produce food，然后就讲到了蚂蚁

综合点评

这次托福考试写作部分整体难度中等。

其中，综合写作考查社科类，重复2019.4.13线下原题，整体难度适中。

独立写作考查孩子是否过分依赖电子设备，难度中等，重复2021年4月家考原题/2017.9.16线下原题

综合写作

话题分类

社科类

考题回忆

总论点

做志愿活动的好处和坏处

阅读部分

阅读是说要求学生做志愿活动的三个坏处：

1、他们可能会cheat，学校没办法监督，比如他们在家里的花园干了点活，他们就会写上他们帮邻居除了两个小时草。

2、实际上是drive他们away from志愿活动，因为做志愿后他们才能拿到diploma，会让他们觉得cynical，就是如果没有好处的话人们是不会做志愿活动的

3、violate了他们的rights

听力部分

听力反驳了三个观点，觉得三个观点都can he answered：

1、学校有个list写了哪些活动是可以被算进去，而且必须是recognized associations搞的活动，，比如阅读那个例子，学生想被计入做了gardening的话，他要做neighborhood associations办的list里面有的园艺，并且要在一个public spot里面做

2、其实并没有drive学生away，一些去了医院服务的和做了tutor的学生说他们获得了powerful and great experience，所以其实是give them chance to有一些不同的体验，增加他们未来想做volunteer work的motivation

3、没有violate学生的权利，after all他们本来就要回学校上学，就好像要上数学课一样，他们被要求做志愿活动也不是violation

解题思路

传统四段式写作，每一段阅读内容+听力内容，注意细节和同义替换

参考范文

Both the reading and the lecture are talking about whether the students should do volunteer activities. The author of the reading claims that there are three setbacks of doing them. However, the lecturer challenges this perspective by providing three reasons.

The reading first claims that the students might cheat and there is no way that school can supervise their activities. The lecturer, however, rebuts this by mentioning that schools have a form for students to fill in, showing which activities are counted and which are not. And the list in the form enlisted all the specifics of the activities. For instance, regarding the gardening activities in the reading, the lecturer proposes that the school requires students to do the gardening within the list of neighborhood associations and do them in public spot.

Secondly, the reading passage conceives that doing volunteer activities make students cynical, because they feel the activities are utilitarian ideas. They do them for the sake of getting the diploma. The listening, by contrast, says that they actually did not drive students away，since the students who tutored in the hospital said they actually got powerful and great experience.

In the final analysis, the writer in the reading asserts that doing volunteer activities violated their rights. The professor in the lecture points out that if taking a volunteer activities can be counted as violation, then so does the requirement of students taking math classes.

独立写作

话题分类

社会现象类

考题回忆

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement：

Nowadays, children rely too much on the technology, like computers, smartphone, video games, for fun and entertainment. Playing simpler toys or playing outside with friends would be better for the children's development.

解题思路

同意第二个观点，原因：

1. 简单玩具和与小伙伴玩耍可以培养孩子的常识；

2. 可以增加他们成长的复杂性；

3. 可以减少焦虑。

参考范文

范文：

There are various ways to develop children. While some people consider that children should concentrate on simpler toys or playing outside with friends instead of using several technologies, others do not believe. It is so controvertible for people to determine a specific conclusion. In my view, young people should play the usual toys and hang out with friends outside for their growth. They can gain common sense, attain plenty of friends, and focus on plays without concerns.

To begin with, young people establish common sense by playing outside with friends and uncomplicated toys. People have to hold common sense in bountiful situations of society. This knowledge often gives people opportunities at an early age. For instance, when young people play with friends outside, they have to communicate with others as much as possible. If they do not create conversations with others, they will not be capable of satisfying with pleasure. As a result, children should not rely on some technologies but play with friends and regular toys.

Secondly, playing toys or outside with friends produces children sophisticated development. It is so limited for the progress of children to be educated by parents or teachers. Their friends diverse the possibility of their evolutions. For example, they sometimes obtain the situation to care about their friends about anxieties while playing outside. From this experience, they acquire how to treat humans and stand by their friends. Therefore, their personality will advance more than young people who rely on many technologies.

Having existed for a long time, traditions, which consist of a set of beliefs and customs, are usually considered as normal and standard practices among many cultures. Therefore, it is argued by some people that despite potential conflicts with people’s own personal preferences, following traditions is more important way of doing things. However, I personally agree with the view that individual preferences are more important than traditions.

Finally, children devote on plays without anxieties to play simple toys and with friends outside. They have to remind many operations to exploit the technologies for entertainment. In the television games, they keep in mind how to press bottoms for complete missions. On the other hand, with simple toys and plays outside with friends, they just converge on pleasure because these activities do not include hard rules and principles. Consequently, young people should spend on their time with simple toys and friends outside for their growth.