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2021年9月4日托福阅读回忆和解析
| 综合点评 | ||
| 本次托福阅读文章考动植物和生态的比较多，难度适中，生词偏多，比较考查学生综合水平。 | ||
| Passage one | 学科分类 | 题目 |
| 历史类 | Silk in ancient time | |
| 内容回忆 | 待回忆 | |
| 参考阅读 | Crafts in the Ancient Near East Some of the earliest human civilizations arose in southern Mesopotamia, in what is now southern Iraq, in the fourth millennium B.C.E. In the second half of the millennium, in the south around the city of Uruk, there was an enormous escalation in the area occupied by permanent settlements. A large part of that increase took place in Uruk itself, which became a real urban center surrounded by a set of secondary settlements. While population estimates are notoriously unreliable, scholars assume that Uruk inhabitants were able to support themselves from the agricultural production of the field surrounding the city, which could be reached with a daily commute. But Uruk’s dominant size in the entire region, far surpassing that of other settlements, indicates that it was a regional center and a true city. Indeed, it was the first city in human history. The vast majority of its population remained active in agriculture, even those people living within the city itself. But a small segment of the urban society started to specialize in nonagricultural tasks as a result of the city’s role as a regional center. Within the productive sector, there was a growth of a variety of specialist craftspeople. Early in the Uruk period, the use of undecorated utilitarian pottery was probably the result of specialized mass production. In an early fourth-millennium level of the Eanna archaeological site at Uruk, a pottery style appears that is most characteristic of this process, the so-called beveled-rim bowl. It is a rather shallow bowl that was crudely made in a mold; hence, in only a limited number of standard sizes. For some unknown reason, many were discarded, often still intact, and thousands have been found all over the Near East. The beveled-rim bowl is one of the most telling diagnostic finds for identifying an Uruk-period site. Of importance is the fact that it was produced rapidly in large amounts, most likely by specialists in a central location. A variety of documentation indicates that certain goods, once made by a family member as one of many duties, were later made by skilled artisans. Certain images depict groups of people, most likely women, involved in weaving textiles, an activity we know from later third-millennium texts to have been vital in the economy and to have been centrally administered. Also, a specialized metal-producing workshop may have been excavated in a small area at Uruk. It contained a number of channels lined by a sequence of holes, about 50 centimeters deep, all showing burn marks and filled with ashes. This has been interpreted as the remains of a workshop where molten metal was scooped up from the channel and poured into molds in the holes. Some type of mass production by specialists were involved here. Objects themselves suggest that they were the work of skilled professionals. In the late Uruk period(3500-3100 B.C.E.), there first appeared a type of object that remained characteristic for Mesopotamia throughout its entire history: the cylinder seal. This was a small cylinder, usually no more than 3 centimeters high and 2 centimeters in diameter, of shell, bone, faience (a glassy type of stoneware), or various types of stones, on which a scene was carved into the surface. When rolled over a soft material----primarily the clay of bullae (round seals), tablets, or clay lumps attached to boxes, jars, or door bolts----the scene would appear in relief, easily legible. The technological knowledge needed to carved it was far superior to that for stamp seals, which had happened in the early Neolithic period (approximately 10,000-5000 B.C.E.). From the first appearance of cylinder seals, the carved scenes could be highly elaborate and refined, indicating the work of specialist stone-cutters. Similarly, the late Uruk period shows the first monumental art, relief, and statuary in the round, made with a degree of mastery that only a professional could have produced. | |
| Passage two | 学科分类 | 题目 |
| 生物-植物 | Roots-the hidden tree | |
| 内容回忆 | 待回忆 | |
| 参考阅读 | Spartina Spartina alterniflora, known as cordgrass, is a deciduous, perennial flowering plant native to the Atlantic coast and the Gulf Coast of the United States. It is the dominant native species of the lower salt marshes along these coasts, where it grows in the intertidal zone (the area covered by water some parts of the day and exposed others). These natural salt marshes are among the most productive habitats in the marine environment. Nutrient-rich water is brought to the wetlands during each high tide, making a high rate of food production possible. As the seaweed and marsh grass leaves die, bacteria break down the plant material, and insects, small shrimplike organisms, fiddler crabs, and marsh snails eat the decaying plant tissue, digest it, and excrete wastes high in nutrients. Numerous insects occupy the marsh, feeding on living or dead cordgrass tissue, and redwing blackbirds, sparrows, rodents, rabbits, and deer feed directly on the cordgrass. Each tidal cycle carries plant material into the offshore water to be used by the subtidal organisms. Spartina is an exceedingly competitive plant. It spreads primarily by underground stems; colonies form when pieces of the root system or whole plants float into an area and take root or when seeds float into a suitable area and germinate. Spartina establishes itself on substrates ranging from sand and silt to gravel and cobble and is tolerant of salinities ranging from that of near freshwater (0.05 percent) to that of salt water (3.5 percent). Because they lack oxygen, marsh sediments are high in sulfides that are toxic to most plants. Spartina has the ability to take up sulfides and convert them to sulfate, a form of sulfur that the plant can use; this ability makes it easier for the grass to colonize marsh environments. Another adaptive advantage is Spartina’s ability to use carbon dioxide more efficiently than most other plants. These characteristics make Spartina a valuable component of the estuaries where it occurs naturally. The plant functions as a stabilizer and a sediment trap and as a nursery area for estuarine fish and shellfish. Once established, a stand of Spartina begins to trap sediment, changing the substrate elevation, and eventually the stand evolves into a high marsh system where Spartina is gradually displaced by higher-elevation, brackish-water species. As elevation increases, narrow, deep channels of water form throughout the marsh. Along the east coast Spartina is considered valuable for its ability to prevent erosion and marshland deterioration; it is also used for coastal restoration projects and the creation of new wetland sites. Spartina was transported to Washington State in packing materials for oysters transplanted from the east coast in 1894. Leaving its insect predators behind, the cordgrass has been spreading slowly and steadily along Washington’s tidal estuaries on the west coast, crowding out the native plants and drastically altering the landscape by trapping sediment. Spartina modifies tidal mudflats, turning them into high marshes inhospitable to the many fish and waterfowl that depend on the mudflats. It is already hampering the oyster harvest and the Dungeness crab fishery, and it interferes with the recreational use of beaches and waterfronts. Spartina has been transplanted to England and to New Zealand for land reclamation and shoreline stabilization. In New Zealand the plant has spread rapidly, changing mudflats with marshy fringes to extensive salt meadows and reducing the number and kinds of birds and animals that use the marsh. Efforts to control Spartina outside its natural environment have included burning, flooding, shading plants with black canvas or plastic, smothering the plants with dredged materials or clay, applying herbicide, and mowing repeatedly. Little success has been reported in New Zealand and England; Washington State’s management program has tried many of these methods and is presently using the herbicide glyphosphate to control its spread. Work has begun to determine the feasibility of using insects as biological controls, but effective biological controls are considered years away. Even with a massive effort, it is doubtful that complete eradication of Spartina from nonnative habitats is possible, for it has become an integral part of these shorelines and estuaries during the last 100 to 200 years. | |
| Passage Three | 学科分类 | 题目 |
| 发明创造 | Electricity in the US | |
| 内容回忆 | 待回忆 | |
| 参考阅读 | Electricity from Wind Since 1980, the use of wind to produce electricity has been growing rapidly. In 1994 there were nearly 20,000 wind turbines worldwide, most grouped in clusters called wind farms that collectively produced 3,000 megawatts of electricity. Most were in Denmark (which got 3 percent of its electricity from wind turbines) and California (where 17,000 machines produced 1 percent of the state’s electricity, enough to meet the residential needs of a city as large as San Francisco). In principle, all the power needs of the United States could be provided by exploiting the wind potential of just three states—North Dakota, South Dakota, and Texas. Large wind farms can be built in six months to a year and then easily expanded as needed. With a moderate to fairly high net energy yield, these systems emit no heat-trapping carbon dioxide or other air pollutants and need no water for cooling; manufacturing them produces little water pollution. The land under wind turbines can be used for grazing cattle and other purposes, and leasing land for wind turbines can provide extra income for farmers and ranchers. Wind power has a significant cost advantage over nuclear power and has become competitive with coal-fired power plants in many places. With new technological advances and mass production, projected cost declines should make wind power one of the world’s cheapest ways to produce electricity. In the long run, electricity from large wind farms in remote areas might be used to make hydrogen gas from water during periods when there is less than peak demand for electricity. The hydrogen gas could then be fed into a storage system and used to generate electricity when additional or backup power is needed. Wind power is most economical in areas with steady winds. In areas where the wind dies down, backup electricity from a utility company or from an energy storage system becomes necessary. Backup power could also be provided by linking wind farms with a solar cell, with conventional or pumped-storage hydropower, or with efficient natural-gas-burning turbines. Some drawbacks to wind farms include visual pollution and noise, although these can be overcome by improving their design and locating them in isolated areas. Large wind farms might also interfere with the flight patterns of migratory birds in certain areas, and they have killed large birds of prey (especially hawks, falcons, and eagles) that prefer to hunt along the same ridge lines that are ideal for wind turbines. The killing of birds of prey by wind turbines has pitted environmentalists who champion wildlife protection against environmentalists who promote renewable wind energy. Researchers are evaluating how serious this problem is and hope to find ways to eliminate or sharply reduce this problem. Some analysts also contend that the number of birds killed by wind turbines is dwarfed by birds killed by other human-related sources and by the potential loss of entire bird species from possible global warming. Recorded deaths of birds of prey and other birds in wind farms in the United States currently amount to no more than 300 per year. By contrast, in the United States an estimated 97 million birds are killed each year when they collide with buildings made of plate glass, 57 million are killed on highways each year; at least 3.8 million die annually from pollution and poisoning; and millions of birds are electrocuted each year by transmission and distribution lines carrying power produced by nuclear and coal power plants. The technology is in place for a major expansion of wind power worldwide. Wind power is a virtually unlimited source of energy at favorable sites, and even excluding environmentally sensitive areas, the global potential of wind power is much higher than the current world electricity use. In theory, Argentina, Canada, Chile, China, Russia, and the United Kingdom could use wind to meet all of their energy needs. Wind power experts project that by the middle of the twenty-first century wind power could supply more than 10 percent of the world’s electricity and 10-25 percent of the electricity used in the United States. | |
| Passage Four | 学科分类 | 题目 |
| 生物-动物 | 欧洲驯马发展史 | |
| 内容回忆 | 待回忆 | |
| 参考阅读 | New Farm Technology and the Horse Paragraph 1: During the medieval period in Europe (the fifth to the fifteenth centuries), the horse became important in farming. Farmers in ancient times relied on a team of two oxen to pull a plow and created a yoke so that animals could pull either a plow or a cart. Oxen were among the first animals used as a power source; their use dates to between 4000 and 3000 B.C.Horses, on the other hand, were first harnessed some 2,000 years later. The equipment required to harness oxen was relatively simple: a wooden yoke was placed around the animal's neck. Here anatomy plays a role in technological development. The spine of an ox is quite bony and the area between the protrusions was a natural location for a yoke. Oxen were then used as side-by-side pairs with the plow attached by a shaft between them. However, horses have greater endurance than oxen and can work on average two hours longer per day. ■As the historian John Langdon points out, the replacement of oxen by horses in farming was a great technological innovation, even though one animal simply replaced another. Paragraph 2:■Horses are obviously not oxen, and a rigid yoke that worked on an ox would not work with the same effectiveness on a horse; indeed, the ox yoke would constrict the longer neck of a horse. ■Horses have smooth backs and an upright neck that was better exploited by some variety of collar than by a throat-and-girth harness (a harness held in place by one strap circling the neck and another circling the middle of the body). ■The drawback with the throat-and-girth harness was that the straps often shifted position as the horse moved and could potentially choke the animal. The invention of the rigid collar solved this problem; it was placed over the horse's head and rested on its shoulders. This permitted unobstructed breathing and placed the weight of the plow or wagon where the horse could best support it. The new collar was introduced in Europe around the eighth century, but the earliest depiction of this innovation is seen in the famed Bayeux Tapestry, created in the eleventh century. There was a steady increase in the number of horses used for farming, and by the fifteenth century horses accounted for around 30 percent of animals used to pull plows and other heavy hauling tasks. Paragraph 4: The horseshoe is best seen as hoof protection for the horse, a device to prevent undue wear and tear on the hooves as the horse works on rocky or uneven land. There does seem to have been a proliferation of horseshoe use in the tenth and eleventh centuries. This has been attributed to the rise of hard-packed medieval roads in areas where transportation relied greatly on horsepower. Here, commerce and profit motivated people to care for the hooves of horses that were expected to carry goods to markets, often over great distances. Horses fitted with shoes could also be counted on to carry and pull far greater loads than would have been possible with bare hooves. What is more, shoed horses were able to point the front edge of their hooves and dig them into the ground to aid in forward motion. Paragraph 3: A horse pulling a plow required secure traction on a variety of surfaces. Footing was a major issue in farming and indeed in all areas of horse use. The practice of shoeing a horse had been widespread during the period of the Roman Empire. Most historians believe that this technology had been lost by the start of the medieval period and that it was not recovered until the late years of the medieval era. However, some scholars argue that no evidence exists to defend this long-lost technology thesis and that the practice of shoeing horses continued throughout the entire medieval period. Paragraph 4: The horseshoe is best seen as hoof protection for the horse, a device to prevent undue wear and tear on the hooves as the horse works on rocky or uneven land. There does seem to have been a proliferation of horseshoe use in the tenth and eleventh centuries. This has been attributed to the rise of hard-packed medieval roads in areas where transportation relied greatly on horsepower. Here, commerce and profit motivated people to care for the hooves of horses that were expected to carry goods to markets, often over great distances. Horses fitted with shoes could also be counted on to carry and pull far greater loads than would have been possible with bare hooves. What is more, shoed horses were able to point the front edge of their hooves and dig them into the ground to aid in forward motion. Paragraph 5: For the cultivation of soft farmlands, the horseshoe perhaps was not as important as past scholars have believed. Nonetheless, in harsher European climates, horseshoes were required if the land was to be fully cultivated. This was certainly true in the climatic varieties of northern Europe. Prolonged periods of cold and wet winters tended to soften and weaken the hooves of horses, which then became lame. | |
| Passage Five | 学科分类 | 题目 |
| 生物-植物 | 仙人掌cacti | |
| 内容回忆 | 待回忆 | |
| 参考阅读 | Savanna Formation Located in tropical areas at low altitudes, savannas are stable ecosystems, some wet and some dry consisting of vast grasslands with scattered trees or shrubs. They occur on a wide range of soil types and in extremes of climate. There is no simple or single factor that determines if a given site will be a savanna, but some factors seem to play important roles in their formation. Savannas typically experience a rather prolonged dry season. One theory behind savanna formation is that wet forest species are unable to withstand the dry season, and thus savanna, rather than rain forest, is favored on the site. Savannas experience an annual rainfall of between 1,000 and 2,000 millimeters, most of it falling in a five- to eight-month wet season. Though plenty of rain may fall on a savanna during the year, for at least part of the year little does, creating the drought stress ultimately favoring grasses. Such conditions prevail throughout much of northern South America and Cuba, but many Central American savannas as well as coastal areas of Brazil and the island of Trinidad do not fit this pattern. In these areas, rainfall per month exceeds that in the above definition, so other factors must contribute to savanna formation. In many characteristics, savanna soils are similar to those of some rain forests, though more extreme. For example, savanna soils, like many rain forest soils, are typically oxisols (dominated by certain oxide minerals) and ultisols (soils containing no calcium carbonate), with a high acidity and notably low concentrations of such minerals as phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, and potassium, while aluminum levels are high. Some savannas occur on wet, waterlogged soils; others on dry, sandy, well-drained soils. This may seem contradictory, but it only means that extreme soil conditions, either too wet or too dry for forests, are satisfactory for savannas. More moderate conditions support moist forests. Waterlogged soils occur in areas that are flat or have poor drainage. These soils usually contain large amounts of clay and easily become water-saturated. Air cannot penetrate between the soil particles, making the soil oxygen-poor. By contrast, dry soils are sandy and porous, their coarse textures permitting water to drain rapidly. Sandy soils are prone to the leaching of nutrients and minerals and so tend to be nutritionally poor. Though most savannas are found on sites with poor soils (because of either moisture conditions or nutrient levels of both), poor soils can and do support lush rain forest. Most savannas probably experience mild fires frequently and major burns every two years or so. Many savanna and dry-forest plant species are called pyrophytes, meaning they are adapted in various ways to withstand occasional burning. Frequent fire is a factor to which rain forest species seem unable to adapt, although ancient charcoal remains from Amazon forest soils dating prior to the arrival of humans suggest that moist forests also occasionally burn. Experiments suggest that if fire did not occur in savannas in the Americas, species composition would change significantly. When burning occurs, it prevents competition among plant species from progressing to the point where some species exclude others, reducing the overall diversity of the ecosystem. But in experimental areas protected from fire, a few perennial grass species eventually come to dominate, outcompeting all others. Evidence from other studies suggests that exclusion of fire results in markedly decreased plant-species richness, often with an increase in tree density. There is generally little doubt that fire is a significant factor in maintaining savanna, certainly in most regions. On certain sites, particularly in South America, savanna formation seems related to frequent cutting and burning of moist forests for pastureland. Increase in pastureland and subsequent overgrazing have resulted in an expansion of savanna. The thin upper layer of humus (decayed organic matter) is destroyed by cutting and burning. Humus is necessary for rapid decomposition of leaves by bacteria and fungi and for recycling by surface roots. Once the humus layer disappears, nutrients cannot be recycled and leach from the soil, converting soil from fertile to infertile and making it suitable only for savanna vegetation. Forests on white, sandy soil are most susceptible to permanent alteration. | |
| Passage Six | 学科分类 | 题目 |
| 生物-生态 | 森林资源在罗马帝国覆灭后的走向 | |
| 内容回忆 | 待回忆 | |
| 参考阅读 | Timberline Vegetation on Mountains The transition from forest to treeless tundra on a mountain slope is often a dramatic one. Within a vertical distance of just a few tens of meters, trees disappear as a life-form and are replaced by low shrubs, herbs, and grasses. This rapid zone of transition is called the upper timberline or tree line. In many semiarid areas there is also a lower timberline where the forest passes into steppe or desert at its lower edge, usually because of a lack of moisture. The upper timberline, like the snow line, is highest in the tropics and lowest in the Polar Regions. It ranges from sea level in the Polar Regions to 4,500 meters in the dry subtropics and 3,500-4,500 meters in the moist tropics. Timberline trees are normally evergreens, suggesting that these have some advantage over deciduous trees (those that lose their leaves) in the extreme environments of the upper timberline. There are some areas, however, where broadleaf deciduous trees form the timberline. Species of birch, for example, may occur at the timberline in parts of the Himalayas. At the upper timberline the trees begin to become twisted and deformed. This is particularly true for trees in the middle and upper latitudes, which tend to attain greater heights on ridges, whereas in the tropics the trees reach their greater heights in the valleys. This is because middle- and upper- latitude timberlines are strongly influenced by the duration and depth of the snow cover. As the snow is deeper and lasts longer in the valleys, trees tend to attain greater heights on the ridges, even though they are more exposed to high-velocity winds and poor, thin soils there. In the tropics, the valleys appear to be more favorable because they are less prone to dry out, they have less frost, and they have deeper soils. There is still no universally agreed-on explanation for why there should be such a dramatic cessation of tree growth at the upper timberline. Various environmental factors may play a role. Too much snow, for example, can smother trees, and avalanches and snow creep can damage or destroy them. Late-lying snow reduces the effective growing season to the point where seedlings cannot establish themselves. Wind velocity also increases with altitude and may cause serious stress for trees, as is made evident by the deformed shapes at high altitudes. Some scientists have proposed that the presence of increasing levels of ultraviolet light with elevation may play a role, while browsing and grazing animals like the ibex may be another contributing factor. Probably the most important environmental factor is temperature, for if the growing season is too short and temperatures are too low, tree shoots and buds cannot mature sufficiently to survive the winter months. Above the tree line there is a zone that is generally called alpine tundra. Immediately adjacent to the timberline, the tundra consists of a fairly complete cover of low-lying shrubs, herbs, and grasses, while higher up the number and diversity of species decrease until there is much bare ground with occasional mosses and lichens and some prostrate cushion plants. Some plants can even survive in favorable microhabitats above the snow line. The highest plants in the world occur at around 6,100 meters on Makalu in the Himalayas. At this great height, rocks, warmed by the sun, melt small snowdrifts. The most striking characteristic of the plants of the alpine zone is their low growth form. This enables them to avoid the worst rigors of high winds and permits them to make use of the higher temperatures immediately adjacent to the ground surface. In an area where low temperatures are limiting to life, the importance of the additional heat near the surface is crucial. The low growth form can also permit the plants to take advantage of the insulation provided by a winter snow cover. In the equatorial mountains the low growth form is less prevalent. | |
| Passage Seven | 学科分类 | 题目 |
| 人类文明-战争 | Class 英国postwar | |
| 内容回忆 | 待回忆 | |
| 参考阅读 | The Roman Army's Impact on Britain In the wake of the Roman Empire's conquest of Britain in the first century A.D., a large number of troops stayed in the new province, and these troops had a considerable impact on Britain with their camps, fortifications, and participation in the local economy. Assessing the impact of the army on the civilian population starts from the realization that the soldiers were always unevenly distributed across the country. Areas rapidly incorporated into the empire were not long affected by the military. Where the army remained stationed, its presence was much more influential. The imposition of a military base involved the requisition of native lands for both the fort and the territory needed to feed and exercise the soldiers' animals. The imposition of military rule also robbed local leaders of opportunities to participate in local government, so social development was stunted and the seeds of disaffection sown. This then meant that the military had to remain to suppress rebellion and organize government. Economic exchange was clearly very important as the Roman army brought with it very substantial spending power. Locally a fort had two kinds of impact. Its large population needed food and other supplies. Some of these were certainly brought from long distances, but demands were inevitably placed on the local area. Although goods could be requisitioned, they were usually paid for, and this probably stimulated changes in the local economy. When not campaigning, soldiers needed to be occupied; otherwise they represented a potentially dangerous source of friction and disloyalty. Hence a writing tablet dated 25 April tells of 343 men at one fort engaged on tasks like shoemaking, building a bathhouse, operating kilns, digging clay, and working lead. Such activities had a major effect on the local area, in particular with the construction of infrastructure such as roads, which improved access to remote areas. Each soldier received his pay, but in regions without a developed economy there was initially little on which it could be spent. The pool of excess cash rapidly stimulated a thriving economy outside fort gates. Some of the demand for the services and goods was no doubt fulfilled by people drawn from far afield, but some local people certainly became entwined in this new economy. There was informal marriage with soldiers, who until AD 197 were not legally entitled to wed, and whole new communities grew up near the forts. These settlements acted like small towns, becoming centers for the artisan and trading populations. The army also provided a mean of personal advancement for auxiliary soldiers recruited from the native peoples, as a man obtained hereditary Roman citizenship on retirement after service in an auxiliary regiment. Such units recruited on an ad hoc (as needed) basis from the area in which they were stationed, and there was evidently large-scale recruitment within Britain. The total numbers were at least 12,500 men up to the reign of the emperor Hadrian (A.D. 117-138), with a peak around A.D. 80. Although a small proportion of the total population, this perhaps had a massive local impact when a large proportion of the young men were removed from an area. Newly raised regiments were normally transferred to another province from whence it was unlikely that individual recruits would ever return. Most units raised in Britain went elsewhere on the European continent, although one is recorded in Morocco. The reverse process brought young men to Britain, where many continued to live after their 20 to 25 years of service, and this added to the cosmopolitan Roman character of the frontier population. By the later Roman period, frontier garrisons (groups of soldiers) were only rarely transferred, service in units became effectively hereditary, and forts were no longer populated or maintained at full strength. This process of settling in as a community over several generations, combined with local recruitment, presumably accounts for the apparent stability of the British northern frontier in the later Roman period. It also explains why some of the forts continued in occupation long after Rome ceased to have any formal authority in Britain, at the beginning of the fifth century A.D. The circumstances that had allowed natives to become Romanized also led the self-sustaining military community of the frontier area to become effectively British. | |
2021年9月4日托福听力回忆和解析
| 综合点评 | |
| 9月4日为线下考试，学科知识复杂，考生需注意了解常规学科场景词和基本知识理解。 | |
| Conversation1 | |
| 话题分类 | 生活场景 |
| 内容回忆 | 一个学艺术学生有社区服务和课程时间冲突了，他想换一下社区服务的时间。教授先说可以让他换成辅导小孩作业。但是学生想做艺术相关的教授就又推荐剧场彩排的工作 |
| Conversation2 | |
| 话题分类 | 学术场景 |
| 内容回忆 | 学生听说另外一个学校有去法国学习生活四个月的项目，问教授为什么自己学校没有，校内只有一年的项目，没有四个月的。因为很少的学生感兴趣，学生也不想参加一年的因为他需要时间去完成其他的专业要求才能毕业，外校的项目很贵他可以申请本校奖学金去申请校外的项目 |
| Conversation 3 | |
| 话题分类 | 生活场景 |
| 内容回忆 | 做远程遥控的赛车，去问场地的事情 |
| Conversation 4 | |
| 话题分类 | 学术场景 |
| 内容回忆 | 找老师申请学校实验室的使用许可权。 学生过去找老师聊作业课题，老师说以为学生的课题是biofuel.学生说，他之前的课题是biofuel,但是查找资料的过程中发现它的副产物gly...对生态有害，但是可以通过把草盖上薄膜的方式让草吸收这种有害物。之后老师质疑了一下这是个研究生的课题难度，不适合本科生，但是学生还是兴致勃勃的，并且向老师要实验室许可。老师说这个是专门给教授用的，不过之后也会给研究生用。在学生软磨硬泡下老师同意去帮他问问。 |
| Conversation 5 | |
| 话题分类 | 生活场景 |
| 女生和宿管对话 女生先询问宿管有没有地方可以唱歌，她下午在宿舍唱歌被室友白眼，她想在被投诉前来找到解决措施。宿管建议去学院练习室啊，她说她上午和晚上在那里练习，但下午练习室是满的，需要提前一周时间预定。然后女生解释了她唱歌的原因，是因为他们有一个期末考试，这个期末考试有非常多的评审来评审，然后能有机会进到一个非常好的一个平台。他们要做一个list，这个里面一共要有四首意大利歌，四首这个德语歌，所以她需要练习很久，但是现在只有两个礼拜的练习时间。宿管说，底下有个储物间可以供她练习，虽然地方不好，但是女生接受了，钥匙之后会给她。 | |
| Lecture1 | |
| 话题分类 | 计算机科学 |
| 内容回忆 | 数据库是如何解决过热的问题的 |
| Lecture2 | |
| 话题分类 | 艺术 |
| 内容回忆 | 文艺复兴painting的realism的三种 |
| Lecture3 | |
| 话题分类 | 环境科学 |
| 内容回忆 | fire对于森林的好处 |
| Lecture4 | |
| 话题分类 | 环境科学 |
| 内容回忆 | 短冰纪 |
| Lecture5 | |
| 话题分类 | 心理学 |
| 内容回忆 | 关于错误印象的试验。 实验是糖果试验,分3岁组和4岁组。每一组都看到了男子进来把糖放到了蓝色的抽屉里，之后女子进来把糖转移到了绿色的盒子。孩子们被要求猜测男子应该去哪里找这个糖果，四岁组说的是蓝抽屉，三岁组说的是绿盒子。但是吧，这个实验有个缺点，人们不知道三岁孩子们能不能理解问话的意思。 所以有了第二个玩偶试验， 三岁小朋友被分成两组，以及另一个四岁小朋友组。这次是来找娃娃。三岁小朋友组一部分（A）被要求解释原因，另一部分(B)被要求预测。四岁小朋友组要求预测。四岁小朋友组可以准确预测，B组三岁全部可以解释明白，但是A组小朋友有一部分还是说在绿色盒子。所以这个实验说明了小朋友语言理解能力有限，不能得出准确的实验结果。 |
| Lecture6 | |
| 话题分类 | 生物学 |
| 内容回忆 | 蜘蛛为什么在网上结好看的花纹？ 有两种假设 网会反射一种专门的光来吸引他们一些昆虫，例如：某种蜜蜂。这种蜜蜂会找也反射这种光的花，所以越多的网线，越可以吸引蜜蜂。 第二种是是网反射光，可以让鸟类避开他的网，鸟类是毁坏他们网的主要原因。 |
| Lecture7 | |
| 话题分类 | 艺术史 |
| 内容回忆 | 小提琴制作大师str...做出来的小提琴无双，后人想通过他的方法研究怎么做小提琴。首先人们觉得，他生活的时期处于小冰河时期，温度普遍比较低，木头长得比较紧实，对于小提琴的木板比较重要。其次是当时的运输环境，水里面盐分较多，侵蚀了这个木头，使得str的涂层可以深入木头。后人为了研究他做小提琴的技法，模拟他的涂层，并且用光透板子来看木材的紧实程度。 |
2021年9月4日托福口语回忆和解析
| Task 1 | |
| 内容回忆 | Task 1 Children should approach computer and other electronic devices as early as possible |
| 参考答案 | I disagree with the idea that kids should approach computer and electronic devices as early as possible. For one thing, digital products are highly addictive, which means that children are very likely to get lost in the virtual world. How can you count on a 5-year-old, who is no way to be self-disciplined, to resist the tempatation from mobile games? Chances are that they will be isolated from peers and deprived of the normal interpersonal interaction in reality. Apart from psychological consequences, it is also detrimental to their physical health. Overindulgence in computer games contributes to myopia and obesity. Statistics have already shown the trend that kids become myopic at a younger age, partially due to the overuse of electronic devices. |
| Task 2 | |
| 阅读 | 学校在自己的网站上会专门为 club来做一个页面，介绍学校内部有的俱乐部。这个网站会给每一个俱乐部做一个介绍页面，并且会做一个链接，链接到这个club的申请以及报名的方法，会方便学生报名。 并且这个页面接下来每周都会做一个俱乐部的每周推荐。会详细的介绍一个俱乐部，会把这个俱乐部的特点给介绍出来，会让学生对于这个俱乐部感兴趣。 |
| 听力 | agree 因为就会让学生更加方便的寻找自己感兴趣的俱乐部。在此之前学生仅仅能在开学的第1天才会有俱乐部的这些展览，但是在这一天之后，学生们再想去找这些俱乐部就找不到了。但是当有这个网站之后，这些学生就能够找到这些俱乐部的申请的方法，以及能找到申请的表格，并且能找到联系的方式。男生举了一个例子就是自己想去年参加西班牙语俱乐部，但是后来找不到了，因此又没参加。 第2个原因是每周有一个每周俱乐部推荐，会让学生发现他们对于其他的哪些俱乐部感兴趣。能让学生找到自己感兴趣的俱乐部，这也很有价值。 |
| Task 3 | |
| 阅读 | 某些个人的公司所做的一些经济行为，有可能对于不参加到这个交易的人会有一定的帮助，有的时候会对于整个社区甚至整个政府都是有益的，这个时候政府就有可能站出来，对于这些公司来提供一些帮助。 |
| 听力 | 一个校园内部换公交线路的例子，一个公司用新的公交车取代了原来的公交车，这个新的公交车是使用电能的，原来的公交车是烧燃油的，这会促进整个社区的环境维护，这对于当地的居民和政府都是有意义的。但是电车有一个问题，就是它的价格特别贵，因此政府就占了出来，给这个公司提供的一笔低价格的贷款，来帮助这个公司来买电动巴士。 |
| Task 4 | |
| 话题 | |
| 听力 | 科学家们会用化石的方法，来研究古代的生物所处的当时的气候的变化。科学家们通过研究今天生物。在骨骼当中的各种元素的沉淀，来推断古代这些生物所处的环境的气候变化。科学家们发现牡蛎这些贝类，体内的镁元素在温暖的海洋当中，往往镁这种金属含量高，而在寒冷的环境当中每这种金属含量低。 那么如果想知道很久之前的海洋的环境，只需要比较这些贝壳类生物体内的镁的含量。就能够知道当时气候是温暖还是寒冷。 |
2021年9月4日托福写作回忆和解析
| 综合点评 | ||
| 本次考试的综合题目和独立题目，难度较低，综合写作虽然不是以往重复过的题目，但是有过类似话题，独立任务更是常见原题，所以大家去刷以往的题目，多拓展思路，精准审题，丰富展开例证，祝取得好的成绩。 | ||
| 综合写作 | ||
| 话题分类 | 生态 | |
| 考题回忆 | 总论点 | 一种墨西哥的生物蝾螈在原生栖息地要毁灭了 |
| 阅读部分 | 1. 人类扩张导致的栖息地丧失 2. 外来鱼类太多了 3. 农药导致水污染 | |
| 听力部分 | 1. 墨西哥人口增长相比以前缓慢了很多，有余力做一些生态友好的工程 2. 政府可以给渔民钱让他们主动去捕，在河道里放网之类的东西，不让这个外来鱼游出去吃这个生物 3. 农民用这些肥料，水质下降之后他们也不好过，不能灌溉和收获作物，所以他们使用传统的不污染水资源的肥料 | |
| 解题思路 | 阅读部分仔细看，很多时候能够给我们一些听力内容方面的提示。 听力的细节一定尽可能的给全。 | |
| 参考范文 | Both reading and listening talks about the extinction of one kind of animals in mexico. According to the reading, there are three reasons with it, yet the professor in the listening casts doubt on the statement in the reading. First, the reading points out the fact that it’s because the human activities. Yet the listening part explains that in fact the system is not like that. The population of mexico has been gorwn slower than ever before, so they have make extra efforts to save the ecological environment. Second, the passage presents that the new species invading from outside the local habitat are too much, which does harm to the environment. However, the listening makes it clear that the government can pay to fishermen to capture those fish or set a fish net to stop the invasion. At last, the pestiside led to water pollution. But the professor mentions that famrers won’t use these toxic pesticides to irrigate because it will influence their fields as well. Instead they used trsaditional and clean water as fertilizers.［175］ | |
| 独立写作 | ||
| 话题分类 | 教育 | |
| 考题回忆 | 学生上课应该去更多使用digital devices 还是更少使用 | |
| 解题思路 | 关注课上和电子设备之间的矛盾 | |
| 参考范文 | Learning on Digital devices is becoming increasingly adopted in either high school classrooms or university ones. Even Kindergarteners are using playstation to learn math and do the reading. Regardless of the effectiveness of digital learning, schools should reduce their reliance on digital devices since those devices largely distract students, the young in particular, and reduce the opportunities for mutual interaction face to face. The applications of digital devices in class inevitably interfere with students ability to concentrate. Indeed, those devices offer some benefits that help students learn to some extent, but once digital devices are utilized during class, learners tend to realize their privilege toward digital learning and then get distracted. For example, many high schools have set study rooms equipped with computers where students can write their homework, which is supposed to be a considerate gesture. However, the usage of these computers is not limited to its original purposes. In other words, most students might have been indulging in funny videos or scrolling on the internet while checking his emails for assignments instructions. Considering the array of distractions showing up on digital devices with access to the internet, students will eventually surrender themselves for fun activities that could have been done with internet, even though they might not deliberately deviate from learning in the first place. Instead a room where knowledge has been passed down, classrooms are not but a space that promote interactions. the use of digital devices should be discreetly limited to ensure that students have a bunch of chances to engage with their classmates to discuss and exchange ideas. In the way of verbally explaining their thoughts to each other, students can with no doubt practice their conversational skills. On the contrary, with electronic devices, students are very likely to interact with the device rather than with their classmates and teachers. Such lack of engagement with other members in a lecture can generally and slowly restrain the ability to formulate their speech. The popularity of technology introduced in classrooms is unavoidable. After all, it’s already embedded into almost every aspect of life, and it does involve many benefits. Yet the employment of digital devices in class should still be decreased because of the disruptiveness on one’s concentration and person skill. ［374］ | |
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