机经下载
机经下载
2021年8月15日托福阅读回忆和解析
| 综合点评 | ||
| 本次考试阅读难度不高，主要围绕生物和社科类话题考的比较多，也有少量人文艺术类文章。 | ||
| Passage one | 学科分类 | 题目 |
| 生命科学-古生物 | K-T boundary | |
| 内容回忆 | 白垩纪动植物大量毁灭。海里主要毁灭的是以plankton为起点的一条生物链，陆地上毁灭的主要是以吃带叶子的植物为起点的一条生物链。繁殖慢的物种更容易毁灭，比如恐龙，繁殖快的，多的怎么受影响，比如鸟和昆虫。科学家发现K/T boundary 里有某种稀有元素，这种稀有元素只能来自陨石或者火山喷发。但是火山喷发肯定会伴随着其他两种稀有元素，而地质层里并没有这两种元素，所以推测是小行星撞地球引发了白垩纪大毁灭。 | |
| 参考阅读 | Extinction of the Dinosaurs Paleontologists have argued for a long time that the demise of the dinosaurs was caused by climatic alterations associated with slow changes in the positions of continents and seas resulting from plate tectonics. Off and on throughout the Cretaceous (the last period of the Mesozoic era, during which dinosaurs flourished), large shallow seas covered extensive areas of the continents. Data from diverse sources, including geochemical evidence preserved in seafloor sediments, indicate that the Late Cretaceous climate was milder than today’s. The days were not too hot, nor the nights too cold. The summers were not too warm, nor the winters too frigid. The shallow seas on the continents probably buffered the temperature of the nearby air, keeping it relatively constant. At the end of the Cretaceous, the geological record shows that these seaways retreated from the continents back into the major ocean basins. No one knows why. Over a period of about 100,000 years, while the seas pulled back, climates around the world became dramatically more extreme: warmer days, cooler nights; hotter summers, colder winters. Perhaps dinosaurs could not tolerate these extreme temperature changes and became extinct. If true, though, why did cold-blooded animals such as snakes, lizards, turtles, and crocodiles survive the freezing winters and torrid summers? These animals are at the mercy of the climate to maintain a livable body temperature. It’s hard to understand why they would not be affected, whereas dinosaurs were left too crippled to cope, especially if, as some scientists believe, dinosaurs were warm-blooded. Critics also point out that the shallow seaways had retreated from and advanced on the continents numerous times during the Mesozoic, so why did the dinosaurs survive the climatic changes associated with the earlier fluctuations but not with this one? Although initially appealing, the hypothesis of a simple climatic change related to sea levels is insufficient to explain all the data. Dissatisfaction with conventional explanations for dinosaur extinctions led to a surprising observation that, in turn, has suggested a new hypothesis. Many plants and animals disappear abruptly from the fossil record as one moves from layers of rock documenting the end of the Cretaceous up into rocks representing the beginning of the Cenozoic (the era after the Mesozoic). Between the last layer of Cretaceous rock and the first layer of Cenozoic rock, there is often a thin layer of clay. Scientists felt that they could get an idea of how long the extinctions took by determining how long it took to deposit this one centimeter of clay and they thought they could determine the time it took to deposit the clay by determining the amount of the element iridium (Ir) it contained. Ir has not been common at Earth’s since the very beginning of the planet’s history. Because it usually exists in a metallic state, it was preferentially incorporated in Earth’s core as the planet cooled and consolidated. Ir is found in high concentrations in some meteorites, in which the solar system’s original chemical composition is preserved. Even today, microscopic meteorites continually bombard Earth, falling on both land and sea. By measuring how many of these meteorites fall to Earth over a given period of time, scientists can estimate how long it might have taken to deposit the observed amount of Ir in the boundary clay. These calculations suggest that a period of about one million years would have been required. However, other reliable evidence suggests that the deposition of the boundary clay could not have taken one million years. So the unusually high concentration of Ir seems to require a special explanation. In view of these facts, scientists hypothesized that a single large asteroid, about 10 to 15 kilometers across, collided with Earth, and the resulting fallout created the boundary clay. Their calculations show that the impact kicked up a dust cloud that cut off sunlight for several months, inhibiting photosynthesis in plants; decreased surface temperatures on continents to below freezing; caused extreme episodes of acid rain; and significantly raised long-term global temperatures through the greenhouse effect. This disruption of food chain and climate would have eradicated the dinosaurs and other organisms in less than fifty years. | |
| Passage two | 学科分类 | 题目 |
| 生物类 | Red snake | |
| 内容回忆 | Red snake 在关岛的入侵 | |
| 参考阅读 | Plant Colonization Colonization is one way in which plants can change the ecology of a site. Colonization is a process with two components: invasion and survival. The rate at which a site is colonized by plants depends on both the rate at which individual organisms (seeds, spores, immature or mature individuals) arrive at the site and their success at becoming established and surviving. Success in colonization depends to a great extent on there being a site available for colonization – a safe site where disturbance by fire or by cutting down of trees has either removed competing species or reduced levels of competition and other negative interactions to a level at which the invading species can become established. For a given rate of invasion, colonization of a moist, fertile site is likely to be much more rapid than that of a dry, infertile site because of poor survival on the latter. A fertile, plowed field is rapidly invaded by a large variety of weeds, whereas a neighboring construction site from which the soil has been compacted or removed to expose a coarse, infertile parent material may remain virtually free of vegetation for many months or even years despite receiving the same input of seeds as the plowed field. Both the rate of invasion and the rate of extinction vary greatly among different plant species. Pioneer species – those that occur only in the earliest stages of colonization - tend to have high rates of invasion because they produce very large numbers of reproductive propagules (seeds, spores, and so on) and because they have an efficient means of dispersal (normally, wind) If colonizers produce short-lived reproductive propagules, they must produce very large numbers unless they have an efficient means of dispersal to suitable new habitats. Many plants depend on wind for dispersal and produce abundant quantities of small, relatively short-lived seeds to compensate for the fact that wind is not always a reliable means If reaching the appropriate type of habitat. Alternative strategies have evolved in some plants, such as those that produce fewer but larger seeds that are dispersed to suitable sites by birds or small mammals or those that produce long-lived seeds. Many forest plants seem to exhibit the latter adaptation, and viable seeds of pioneer species can be found in large numbers on some forest floors. For example, as many as 1,125 viable seeds per square meter were found in a 100-year-old Douglas fir/western hemlock forest in coastal British Columbia. Nearly all the seeds that had germinated from this seed bank were from pioneer species. The rapid colonization of such sites after disturbance is undoubtedly in part a reflection of the large seed band on the forest floor. An adaptation that is well developed in colonizing species is a high degree of variation in germination (the beginning of a seed’s growth). Seeds of a given species exhibit a wide range of germination dates, increasing the probability that at least some of the seeds will germinate during a period of favorable environmental conditions. This is particularly important for species that colonize an environment where there is no existing vegetation to ameliorate climatic extremes and in which there may be great climatic diversity. Species succession in plant communities, i.e., the temporal sequence of appearance and disappearance of species is dependent on events occurring at different stages in the life history of a species. Variation in rates of invasion and growth plays an important role in determining patterns of succession, especially secondary succession. The species that are first to colonize a site are those that produce abundant seed that is distributed successfully to new sites. Such species generally grow rapidly and quickly dominate new sites, excluding other species with lower invasion and growth rates. The first community that occupies a disturbed area therefore may be composed of specie with the highest rate of invasion, whereas the community of the subsequent stage may consist or plants with similar survival rates but lower invasion rates. | |
| Passage Three | 学科分类 | 题目 |
| 社科类-农业 | 农业的起源 | |
| 内容回忆 | 人们从采集狩猎社会转变到农耕社会的原因 | |
| 参考阅读 | The Origins of Agriculture How did it come about that farming developed independently in a number of world centers (the Southeast Asian mainland, Southwest Asia, Central America, lowland and highland South America, and equatorial Africa) at more or less the same time? Agriculture developed slowly among populations that had an extensive knowledge of plants and animals. Changing from hunting and gathering to agriculture had no immediate advantages. To start with, it forced the population to abandon the nomad's life and became sedentary, to develop methods of storage and, often, systems of irrigation. While hunter-gatherers always had the option of moving elsewhere when the resources were exhausted, this became more difficult with farming. Furthermore, as the archaeological record shows, the state of health of agriculturalists was worse than that of their contemporary hunter-gatherers. Traditionally, it was believed that the transition to agriculture was the result of a worldwide population crisis. It was argued that once hunter-gatherers had occupied the whole world, the population started to grow everywhere and food became scarce; agriculture would have been a solution to this problem. We know, however, that contemporary hunter-gatherer societies control their population in a variety of ways. The idea of a world population crisis is therefore unlikely, although population pressure might have arisen in some areas. Climatic changes at the end of the glacial period 13,000 years ago have been proposed to account for the emergence of farming. The temperature increased dramatically in a short period of time (years rather than centuries), allowing for a growth of the hunting-gathering population due to the abundance of resources. There were, however, fluctuations in the climatic conditions, with the consequences that wet conditions were followed by dry ones, so that the availability of plants and animals oscillated brusquely. It would appear that the instability of the climatic conditions led populations that had originally been nomadic to settle down and develop a sedentary style of life, which led in turn to population growth and to the need to increase the amount of food available. Farming originated in these conditions. Later on, it became very difficult to change because of the significant expansion of these populations. It could be argued, however, that these conditions are not sufficient to explain the origins of agriculture. Earth had experienced previous periods of climatic change, and yet agriculture had not been developed. It is archaeologist Steven Mithen's thesis, brilliantly developed in his book The Prehistory of the Mind (1996), that approximately 40,000 years ago the human mind developed cognitive fluidity, that is, the integration of the specializations of the mind: technical, natural history (geared to understanding the behavior and distribution of natural resources), social intelligence, and the linguistic capacity. Cognitive fluidity explains the appearance of art, religion, and sophisticated speech. Once humans possessed such a mind, they were able to find an imaginative solution to a situation of severe economic crisis such as the farming dilemma described earlier. Mithen proposes the existence of four mental elements to account for the emergence of farming: (1) the ability to develop tools that could be used intensively to harvest and process plant resources; (2) the tendency to use plants and animals as the medium to acquire social prestige and power; (3) the tendency to develop "social relationships" with animals structurally similar to those developed with people—specifically, the ability to think of animals as people (anthropomorphism) and of people as animals (totemism); and (4) the tendency to manipulate plants and animals. The fact that some societies domesticated animals and plants, discovered the use of metal tools, became literate, and developed a state should not make us forget that others developed pastoralism or horticulture (vegetable gardening) but remained illiterate and at low levels of productivity; a few entered the modern period as hunting and gathering societies. It is anthropologically important to inquire into the conditions that made some societies adopt agriculture while others remained hunter-gatherers or horticulturalists. However, it should be kept in mind that many societies that knew of agriculture more or less consciously avoided it. Whether Mithen's explanation is satisfactory is open to contention, and some authors have recently emphasized the importance of other factors. | |
| Passage Four | 学科分类 | 题目 |
| 生物类 | Red Grouse | |
| 内容回忆 | 介绍一种叫red grouse 的鸟类 | |
| 参考阅读 | Bird Colonies About 13 percent of bird species, including most seabirds, nest in colonies. Colonial nesting evolves in response to a combination of two environmental conditions: (1) a shortage of nesting sites that are safe from predators and (2) abundant or unpredictable food that is distant from safe nest sites. First and foremost, individual birds are safer in colonies that are inaccessible to predators, as on small rocky islands. In addition, colonial birds detect predators more quickly than do small groups or pairs and can drive the predators from the vicinity of the nesting area. Because nests at the edges of breeding colonies are more vulnerable to predators than those in the centers, the preference for advantageous central sites promotes dense centralized packing of nests. The yellow-rumped cacique, which nests in colonies in Amazonian Peru, demonstrates how colonial birds prevent predation. These tropical blackbirds defend their closed, pouchlike nests against predators in three ways. First, by nesting on islands and near wasp nests, caciques are safe from arboreal mammals such primates. Second, caciques mob predators (work together as a group to attack predators). The effectiveness of mobbing increases with group size, which increases with colony size. Third, caciques hide their nests from predators by mixing active nests with abandoned nests. Overall, nests in cluster on islands and near wasp nests suffer the least predation. Coordinated social interactions tend to be weak when a colony is first forming, but true colonies provide extra benefits. Synchronized nesting, for example, produces a sudden abundance of eggs and chicks that exceeds the daily needs of local predators. Additionally, colonial neighbors can improve their foraging by watching others. This behavior is especially valuable when the off-site food supplies are restricted or variable in location, as are swarms of aerial insects harvested by swallows. The colonies of American cliff swallows, for example, serve as information centers from which unsuccessful individual birds follow successful neighbors to good feeding sites. Cliff swallows that are unable to find food return to their colony, locate a neighbor that has been successful, and then follow that neighbor to its food source. All birds in the colony are equally likely to follow or to be followed and thus contribute to the sharing of information that helps to ensure their reproductive success. As a result of their enhanced foraging efficiency, parent swallows in large colonies return with food for their nestlings more often and bring more food each trip than do parents in small colonies. To support large congregations of birds, suitable colony sites must be near rich, clumped food supplies. Colonies of pinyon jays and red crossbills settle near seed-rich conifer forests, and wattled starlings nest in large colonies near locust outbreaks. The huge colonies of guanay cormorants and other seabirds that nest on the coast of Peru depend on the productive cold waters of the Humboldt Current. The combination of abundant food in the Humboldt Current and the vastness of oceanic habitat can support enormous populations of seabirds, which concentrate at the few available nesting locations. The populations crash when their food supplies decline during El Nino years.Among the costs, colonial nesting leads to increased competition for nest sites and mates, the stealing of nest materials, and increased physical interference among other effects. In spite of food abundance, large colonies sometimes exhaust their local food supplies and abandon their nests. Large groups also attract predators,especially raptors, and facilitate the spread of parasites and diseases. The globular mud nests in large colonies of the American cliff swallow, for example, are more likely to be infested by fleas or other bloodsucking parasites than are nests in small colonies. Experiments in which some burrows were fumigated to kill the parasites showed that these parasites lowered survivorship by as much as 50 percent in large colonies but not significantly in small ones. The swallows inspect and then select parasite-free nests in large colonies, they tend to build new nests rather than use old, infested ones. On balance, the advantages of colonial nesting clearly outweigh the disadvantages, given the many times at which colonial nesting has evolved independently among different groups of birds. Still lacking, however, is a general framework for testing different hypothesis for the evolution of coloniality. | |
| Passage Five | 学科分类 | 题目 |
| 社科类-考古 | 古罗马和中国炼铁的对比 | |
| 内容回忆 | 比利时发现了一座古罗马时期的炼铁厂，让古罗马和古代中国的产铁量问题再次成为讨论热点。 | |
| 参考阅读 | Background for the Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution had several roots, one of which was a commercial revolution that, beginning as far back as the sixteenth century, accompanied Europe's expansion overseas. Both exports and imports showed spectacular growth, particularly in England and France. An increasingly larger portion of the stepped-up commercial activity was the result of trade with overseas colonies. Imports included a variety of new beverages, spices, and foodstuffs. At the same time, a growing export market took European textiles, hardware, firearms, ships, and ships' goods around the world and brought money flowing back. Europe's economic institutions, particularly those in England, were strong, had wealth available for new investment, and seemed almost to be waiting for some technological breakthrough that would expand their profit-making potential even more. That breakthrough came in Great Britain, where several economic advantages created a climate especially favorable to the encouragement of new technology. One was its geographic location at the crossroads of international trade. Internally, Britain was endowed with easily navigable natural waterways, which helped its trade and communication with the world. Beginning in the 1770fs, it enjoyed a boom in canal building, which helped make its domestic markets more accessible. Because water transportation was the cheapest means of carrying goods to market, canals reduced prices and thus increased consumer demand. Great Britain also had rich deposits of coal that fed the factories springing up in industrial areas and iron ore that provided the raw material for the manufacture of railroad equipment, tools, and a variety of industrial and consumer goods. Another advantage was Britain's large population of rural, agricultural wage earners, as well as cottage workers, who had the potential of being more mobile than peasants of some other countries. Eventually they found their way to the cities or mining communities and provided the human power upon which the Industrial Revolution was built. The British people were also consumers; the absence of internal tariffs, such as those that existed in France or Italy or between the German states, made Britain the largest free-trade area in Europe. Britain's relatively stable government also helped create an atmosphere conducive to industrial progress. Great Britain's better-developed banking and credit system also helped speed the industrial process, as did the fact that it was the home of an impressive array of entrepreneurs and inventors. Among them were a large number of nonconformists whose religious principles encouraged thrift and industry rather than luxurious living and who tended to pour their profits back into their businesses, thus providing the basis for continued expansion. A precursor to the Industrial Revolution was a revolution in agricultural techniques. Ideas about agricultural reform developed first in Holland, where as early as the mid-seventeenth century, such modern methods as crop rotation, heavy fertilization, and diversification were all in use. Dutch peasant farmers were known throughout Europe for their agricultural innovations, but as British markets and opportunities grew, the English quickly learned from them. As early as the seventeenth century the Dutch were helping them drain marshes and fens where, with the help of advanced techniques, they grew new crops. By the mid-eighteenth century new agricultural methods as well as selective breeding of livestock had caught on throughout the country. Much of the increased production was consumed by Great Britain's burgeoning population. At the same time, people were moving to the city, partly because of the enclosure movement; that is, the fencing of common fields and pastures in order to provide more compact, efficient, privately held agricultural parcels that would produce more goods and greater profits. In the sixteenth century enclosures were usually used for creating sheep pastures, but by the eighteenth century new farming techniques made it advantageous for large landowners to seek enclosures in order to improve agricultural production. Between 1714 and 1820 over 6 million acres of English land were enclosed. As a result, many small, independent farmers were forced to sell out simply because they could not compete. Nonlandholding peasants and cottage workers, who worked for wages and grazed cows or pigs on the village common, were also hurt when the common was no longer available. It was such people who began to flock to the cities seeking employment and who found work in the factories that would transform the nation and, eventually, the world. | |
2021年8月15日托福听力回忆和解析
| 综合点评 | |
| 据考生回忆，今天有两篇校园生活的文章话题很相似，都讲到了学校储藏室，练配图也是一样的。另外有一篇环境科学的文章逻辑性不强，难度较高。 | |
| Conversation | |
| 话题分类 | 选课场景 |
| 内容回忆 | 学生来找教授，说教授课后布置的阅读材料自己特别喜欢，特别感兴趣！是关于神经经济学，就是说人们在作出购买决策的时候，其实有的时候是非理性的。原来我们以为消费者做出购买决策的时候，都是理性的，但是神经经济学就指出很多时候是非理性的。 教授就建议学生去学一些关于这个主题的研究生课程，教授就让学生去找另一位教授，因为那位教授之前曾经在杂志上发表了好几篇关于神经经济学的文章，是一位大牛。学生就说自己狗眼看人低，原来根本没有注意到。 教授说，而且这位教授有一门课，就是专门设计实验，用来测试神经经济学的。但是教授说，这些课程是研究生课程，这名学生学起来，有可能有难度。 学生就说，自己学的时候呢，如果不感兴趣的话，确实看不进去。但是一旦自己很感兴趣，就会主动的读很多的资料，因此教授不用担心，自己能跟上。 参考文章：题目40 C1 |
| Conversation | |
| 话题分类 | 校园生活 |
| 内容回忆 | 女生把家具搬到了走廊当中，然后家具被贴警示条了，他去找宿舍主管。 宿舍主管要求学生不能把家具搬到宿舍的楼道走廊当中，因此这个女生应该把家具搬回去，并且在那里的话，很有可能会挡其他学生的路，而且这个女生非常的可爱，她想把她的宿舍进行重新的油漆，想换上新的颜色，宿舍主管告诉他，他不能这么做。 接下来他们又回来说这个搬家具的问题，他从家里带来了很多东西，他爸爸妈妈帮他把家具搬到了走廊上，好空出来一些地方，而且他的妹妹自作主张要给他挂帘子，他自己也没有办法，接下来宿舍主管就告诉他说那个家具不能摆在那里，如果非要想搬出来的话，可以放在地下室的储藏室，但是地下室的储藏室也是要收费的，女生需要去填一张表格，把自己家具上的编号都填到那个表格上，然后把这个表格送回来之后，再去租用地下室的储藏空间，并且把那个家具搬到地下室，但是优点是那个地下室有电梯过去，他不用走路搬下去那样会更累。在这个储藏室储存的时候，是要交储藏费的，但是管理员会跟主管商量一下，有可能会免除他的储藏费。 |
| Conversation | |
| 话题分类 | 校园生活 |
| 内容回忆 | 女生来找宿舍管理员说自己在暑假的时候有可能要离校，然后期望把一部分家具放在学校的储藏室，但是学校宿舍管理员说，我们没有储藏室给学生使用。如果需要储藏室的话，就到学校的网站上，上面提供了一个公司会来把家具取走，当然会收取费用。然后等开学的时候再给送回来。 学生说自己其实是交换生，原来在自己学校的时候都是有免费的储藏室的。但是宿舍管理员说我们这个大学校园就是很小，就是没有给学生准备储藏室。 然后学生就想自己有些家具比较老了，其实可以丢，但是有一个书柜，然后他就想可不可以放在他的同伴那，但是后来又想交给储藏公司，但是又说这个家具其实也不是特别贵，有可能这个家具的价格比那个仓储的价格都便宜。 然后宿舍管理员就说，其实你可以在这个公司的网站上进行抽奖，然后女生问有可能会抽到完全免费吗？管理员说有这个可能。然后女生又问可不可以提前取回呢？管理员说当然可以了，那个时候会更好，因为那个时候学生还没有回来，搬家公司还不忙。 参考文章：题目38 C1 |
| Lecture | |
| 话题分类 | 天文学 |
| 内容回忆 | 人类在开始的时候，曾经会得到一些月球上来的陨石，测试了一下之后，发现完全没有水。之所以这么关心月球上有没有水，是因为如果想在月球上建造基地，那么就需要解决宇航员在月球上喝水的问题。 而且阿波罗带回来的一些月球的土的样本也表明，月球上是没有水的。 但是后来又得到了一块月球上来的陨石，科学家们发现这块陨石当中有氢元素，氢元素是组成水的重要组成部分，这个时候科学家们又有了希望，于是科学家就猜想，或许在月球的两边是有水的，因为月球的两边太阳常年照不到，或许水根本就没有蒸发，而是以冰块的形式存在月球两级的表面之下。 然后科学家们就发射了一颗卫星，去捕捉从月球两边火山口飞起来的陨石，然后就去分析陨石的组成，然后科学家发现：有水！ 科学家们还发现了有很多可燃气体，将来可以给宇航员使用。尤其值得一提的是，科学家们还发现了一种同位素，这个同位素明显是来自于地球上的，说明月球上的水与地球上的水来源相同。 这就证实了，在此之前一个非常重要的假说，就是说月球的来源是另外一颗陨石。撞击地球弹出来的一个陨石就是月球。但是在这里还有另外一个问题无法解答，就是为什么月球上的水，在月球被弹出来的时候，为什么没有被完全蒸发掉？ 参考文章：题目5 L2，题目30 L3 |
| Lecture | |
| 话题分类 | 生物学 |
| 内容回忆 | 科学家们研究鸟叫bird call和鸟唱歌bird sing。 科学家们一开始就给出很明确的定义，鸟叫是与生俱来的是不用学习的，当小鸟刚生出来之后找食的时候就已经会使用鸟叫了，这是写在基因里面的。而鸟唱歌是后天学习的，并不是一出生，就会的。 然后不同的科学家做了两个不同的实验。 第1个实验是把鸟分为两类，一个鸟是前50天就让他听到其他的bird sing，另外一个鸟是让他出生50天之后，再听到其他的bird sing。 然后就发现出生前50天就已经能够听到bird sing，将来他自己的bird sing声音更加的准确。但是另外一种鸟，出生50天之后才听到其他人的bird sing，他自己的bird sing叫声就不是很准确。 然后又有一个科学家做了另外一个实验。把鸟分为完全没有听过bird sing的，还有其他两类，此处记不清了。 参考文章：题目4 L1 |
| Lecture | |
| 话题分类 | 艺术史 |
| 内容回忆 | 说北美有一个设计师pall什么的，他在北美的建筑设计上是殿堂级的人物，他写了4本书还是5本书，专门讲罗马时期的建筑的各种各样的细节。 这个人之所以是殿堂级别的人物，因为他写的书特别的细致，把这种建筑的每一个细节全都给写进去了。 其他的关于这个品类的书，全都是从他这本书当中发展出来的，并且细节性也没有他写的好。 参考文章：题目33 L4，20150524 L2 |
| Lecture | |
| 话题分类 | 环境科学 |
| 内容回忆 | 讲的是在北美的一种白尾鹿，当时他在美国和加拿大的交界处来进行活动，应该是从东部向西部来进行移动，应该是在五大湖的地区。然后科学家们就在研究这个鹿对于当地的植被的生长到底有没有影响，他们怀疑这个鹿有可能会影响当地树木的幼苗的成长。 然后就说各种的复杂，各种的不确定。 一开始他就说一个植物是否能生长，不仅仅与鹿是否吃了这棵树地上的部分或者啃了这个树的小苗或者啃了这个树的树皮有关，其实这个植物的生长还与地下的根部的生长有关系。 而且在进行测量的时候，也不是特别好测量，因为白尾鹿的活动范围非常大，我们也不能用栅栏把白尾鹿全都给围起来，因此你不知道具体的一块地方是否曾经被白尾鹿影响过。 而且有些时候我们还看不到他是不是有问题，因为影响的面积实在是太大了，各种因素实在是太复杂了。 这篇听力的难点就是在于各种不确定，只要逻辑性不强的时候，题目就会比较难。 参考文章：题目25 L1，题目52 L2 |
| Lecture | |
| 话题分类 | 环境科学/ 科技史 |
| 内容回忆 | 版本1： compost混合肥料，叫bsw。 版本2： science history。 参考文章：题目10 L3，题目21 L1 |
2021年8月15日口语回忆和解析
| Task 1 | |
| 内容回忆 | Do you prefer to be taught by experienced teachers or new teachers? |
| 参考答案 | Honestly, I would like to be taught by experienced teachers. This is because they can teach better. Since they have many years on the job, they are actually very familiar with the teaching methodologies as well as techniques. So for example, at the beginning of each class, they may organize lead-in or warm-up activities. In this case, students can actually feel comfortable; they can actually feel relaxed. So they are actually ready to learn. Also, I think experienced teachers can teach better because, you know, they have better ways to organize those learning activities.You know, when new teachers teach grammar, they just present the rules. So it’s actually very boring. But when experienced teachers do the same thing, they may organize games; or they may actually use role-plays to help students to master the knowledge. That’s why I like experienced teachers. |
| Task 2 | |
| 阅读 | 建议取消看体育比赛的费用，这样可以让学生省点钱，然后还可以吸引更多观众。 |
| 听力 | disagree Reason 1：如果取消了费用，学校需要从其他方面收费，所以对那些不看球的人来说是不公平的 Reason 2：一些热门的运动即使收钱也很多人去看，比如说篮球 |
| Task 3 | |
| 阅读 | |
| 听力 | 教授开会迟到了10分钟，然后提问了一个问题，主席没回答他的问题，直接讲下一个话题了。因为主席开会前说了会在另一个会议讨论这个教授的问题。但是教授没有按时到。主席觉得被冒犯了就没有理会教授 |
| Task 4 | |
| 话题 | |
| 听力 | biology，用生物防治的两个优点，一个是对环境友好，同时说了化学防治的缺点 ，举了新西兰的一个入侵植物的例子，然后说生物学家引入一种insect去吃这个植物；第二个advantage是生物防治省钱，因为这些insect会繁殖和扩散，但是对应化学消杀就要花费100 million |
2021年8月15日托福写作回忆和解析
| 综合点评 | ||
| 8月份首考的写作部分难度并不大。独立和综合部分都重复了6月5号的原题。独立写作还是老生常谈的“个人 pk 合作”的话题。 | ||
| 综合写作 | ||
| 话题分类 | 社会类 | |
| 考题回忆 | 总论点 | 美国农业补贴agricultural subsidies有没有好处。 |
| 阅读部分 |
3. 农业上的补贴可以增加农民就业。 | |
| 听力部分 |
| |
| 解题思路 | 传统四段式写作，每一段阅读内容+听力内容。 | |
| 参考范文 | The reading passage and the lecture are both talking about pros and cons of American agricultural subsidies. The reading passage asserts that providing subsidies is a great way to give farmers a financial out, while the lecture maintains that the three pros stated in the passage all have weaknesses and are not as useful. To begin with, the lecture admits that agricultural subsidies can stabilize crop prices during poor seasons, otherwise prices would soar without government intervention. However, the money paid to farmers to supplement their income actually comes from taxpayers. The seemingly cheaper products are an illusion, in reality, you still pay the same price. Secondly, the lecture cast doubts on the passage’s argument that agricultural subsidies can solve poor countries’ food scarcity problem. When cheap foreign agricultural products, whose cheaper price is the result of government subsidies, are imported to poor countries, local farmers will discover that they cannot compete with them because their products are more expensive, so this may bankrupt them. Thirdly, the lecture refutes that agricultural subsidies can attract talents to join this field. For one thing, agricultural subsidies only focus on certain crops. In order to improve productivity farmers will implement more automatic process to grow food, which will results in less labors and more machines. Also, products with no subsidies will lose advantages. As a result, farmers producing these products will lose jobs, which will make unemployment problems in agricultural industry even worse. | |
| 独立写作 | ||
| 话题分类 | 教育/工作类 | |
| 考题回忆 | Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? It is better to use your own knowledge and experience to solve problems than to ask other people for advice. | |
| 解题思路 | 本题属于传统的“个人 pk 团队”题目的变形，本身不难，可以把相关题目的观点和论据直接迁移过来。这里给出Agree的参考思路。 主体段1：自己尝试解决问题，能在一个不被干扰的空间，这样自己会更专注。 主体段2：问别人的建议往往会让人被别人的观点影响，纠结之下反而会降低自己的效率。 | |
| 参考范文 | Problems and obstacles are an inevitable part in everyone’s life. In order to solve problems and overcome obstacles, many people would choose to be self-reliant, while others would take turning to others for advice as a wiser solution. In my opinion, it is better for us to rely on our own knowledge and experience to solve problems than to depend on others, for that will enable us to be more concentrated, and become more determined in our own choice. It is normal that trying to solve problems alone will make people more focused during the process, so it is more likely for them to figure our effective solutions. To be more specific, when working on a problem alone, there will be less distractions and people are able to ponder over the problem carefully, thus devising effective solutions as soon as possible. This will be extremely helpful if people encounter a task requiring creativity at work, for they need a tranquil environment in order to be fully devoted to the work and propose creative plans. On the contrary, when we consult others for suggestions or solutions, we usually turn to our friends and acquaintances, and this will greatly divert our attention from the problem we are facing, for once we start a conversation with a friend or an acquaintance, it is very likely that we will talk about something interesting, such as anecdotes of a friend, or titbits of gossip of a classmate of us. We would even end up hanging out together, while the problem we are facing is totally overlooked, which is definitely not what we expected at the beginning. Solving problems on our own will eliminate disturbance from others, and this concentration will breed ideas and solutions. Solving problems alone can not only eliminate disturbance from other people, but can also avoid disagreement with others, which will help improve our efficiency further. Despite the old saying “Great minds think alike”, in the real life it is unavoidable that people’s ideas vary dramatically for the same problem, which considerably reduces our productivity. For instance, last semester my art teacher asked our class to write a paper concerning the artworks of the Renaissance. As it was a completely new topic to me, I referred to loads of materials and collected a mass of facts, but I still did not know what I should include in my paper. Therefore, I had to consult my classmates and friends for some inspirations, which ended up giving me a lot of trouble. Some of them believed that I needed to focus on paintings in order to make my paper simple and well-organized, while others asserted that except Italian artists, contemporary foreign artists should also be included for I should make my paper more comprehensive. I got really bewildered, and I waited too long to prepare. Finally I had to work overnight and finish it hurriedly. How much I wished that I could finish the task on my own without being affected by anyone’s ideas. Things must have gone smoothly then. Consulting others exposes us to various ideas, which could be a hindrance to a useful solution to the problem. Problems are a must in our life and what really matters is how we will find out an effective solution. It is better to rely on ourselves instead of turning to others for help, for that will remove distractions and divergences, making us more efficient when we address problems. | |
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