综合点评

本次考试依旧有重复前些年文章的情况, 其中经济发展，鸟类与昆虫的关系以及欧洲艺术沙龙的发展等都在题目中有很多同等背景信息的文章, 同学们在备考中要务必重视和扎实题目的训练补充

Passage

one

学科分类

题目

社会学

北美的新英格兰地区经济发展

内容回忆

北美在整个的英国殖民地当当中，是很神奇的存在，他的发展出现了整个人口快速上升，同时人均GDP也在上升的情况，这在英国的其他殖民地是不存在的。

接下来就是在从各个角度进行证明。

分别从本杰明富兰克林的记录可以证明，人民的收入和生活是在上涨的。

从个人的用品也可以看到，就是人民除了吃喝等生活必需品之外，很多的家庭还有瓷器，茶叶，丝绸，调味料等比较贵的消费品也可以看出来。

美国作为英国的一个殖民地，从宾夕法尼亚地区和马里兰也可以看出来经济特别好。

除此之外，还可以从每个家庭掌握的土地也可以看出来，很多家庭都掌握土地，因此美国人民的生活特别好。

之所以在美国经济这么好是有很多的原因的，有一个原因就是美国人民很多都拥有土地。

第二个原因，就是他们的生产效率特别高。而且还都有土地，这就使得他们的农产品价格，燃油价格，运输价格一直都特别低，这就给了他们经济很大的竞争优势。

参考阅读

Seventeenth - Century European Economic Growth

In the late sixteenth century and into the seventeenth, Europe continued the growth that had lifted it out of the relatively less prosperous medieval period (from the mid 400s to the late 1400s). Among the key factors behind this growth were increased agricultural productivity and an expansion of trade.

Populations cannot grow unless the rural economy can produce enough additional food to feed more people. During the sixteenth century, farmers brought more land into cultivation at the expense of forests and fens (low-lying wetlands). Dutch land reclamation in the Netherlands in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries provides the most spectacular example of the expansion of farmland: the Dutch reclaimed more than 36,000 acres from 1590 to 1615 alone.

Much of the potential for European economic development lay in what at first glance would seem to have been only sleepy villages. Such villages, however, generally lay in regions of relatively advanced agricultural production, permitting not only the survival of peasants but also the accumulation of an agricultural surplus for investment. They had access to urban merchants, markets, and trade routes.

Increased agricultural production in turn facilitated rural industry, an intrinsic part of the expansion of industry. Woolens and textile manufacturers, in particular, utilized rural cottage (in-home) production, which took advantage of cheap and plentiful rural labor. In the German states, the ravages of the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648) further moved textile production into the countryside. Members of poor peasant families spun or wove cloth and linens at home for scant remuneration in an attempt to supplement meager family income.

More extended trading networks also helped develop Europe's economy in this period. "English and Dutch ships carrying rye from the Baltic states reached Spain and Portugal. " Population growth generated an expansion of small-scale manufacturing, particularly of handicrafts, textiles, and metal production in England, Flanders, parts of northern Italy, the southwestern German states, and parts of Spain. Only iron smelting and mining required marshaling a significant amount of capital (wealth invested to create more wealth).

The development of banking and other financial services contributed to the expansion of trade. By the middle of the sixteenth century, financiers and traders commonly accepted bills of exchange in place of gold or silver for other goods. Bills of exchange, which had their origins in medieval Italy, were promissory notes (written promises to pay a specified amount of money by a certain date) that could be sold to third parties. In this way, they provided credit. At mid-century, an Antwerp financier only slightly exaggerated when he claimed, "One can no more trade without bills of exchange than sail without water." Merchants no longer had to carry gold and silver over long, dangerous journeys. An Amsterdam merchant purchasing soap from a merchant in Marseille could go to an exchanger and pay the exchanger the equivalent sum in guilders, the Dutch currency. The exchanger would then send a bill of exchange to a colleague in Marseille, authorizing the colleague to pay the Marseille merchant in the merchant's own currency after the actual exchange of goods had taken place.

Bills of exchange contributed to the development of banks, as exchangers began to provide loans. Not until the eighteenth century, however, did such banks as the Bank of Amsterdam and the Bank of England begin to provide capital for business investment. Their principal function was to provide funds for the state.

The rapid expansion in international trade also benefitted from an infusion of capital, stemming largely from gold and silver brought by Spanish vessels from the Americas. This capital financed the production of goods, storage, trade, and even credit across Europe and overseas. Moreover an increased credit supply was generated by investments and loans by bankers and wealthy merchants to states and by joint-stock partnerships- an English innovation (the first major company began in 1600). Unlike short-term financial cooperation between investors for a single commercial undertaking, joint-stock companies provided permanent funding of capital by drawing on the investments of merchants and other investors who purchased shares in the company.

Passage

two

学科分类

题目

生物学

鸟类和他的食物

内容回忆

有一些insects会摄入一些植物产生的毒素进入体内，这对于这些insects是有很大帮助的。

这些吃了并且在身体内储存的毒素的insects，本身的身体会呈现出各种各样奇怪的颜色。这个颜色本身并不能防止自己被自己的predator吃掉，但是当鸟类吃掉这些虫子之后，鸟类自己的身体就会生病，但是不会死掉，鸟类会很不舒服，甚至会掉毛。

而这些insect本身并不是经常吃这种有毒素的植物，他们其实是在年幼的时候，吃了这种带毒素的植物的，但是他们吃了之后，就会一直把毒素存在自己的体内。

鸟类吃了这种有毒的insects之后，身体会不舒服，因此他们就会记住，这种虫子会让他们不舒服，然后他们以后就不会再吃这种虫子了。

之所以这种带毒素的虫子不会让鸟类死亡，是因为鸟类一旦死亡了，那么鸟类的队长就会换为其他的鸟类。而且他的鸟类因为没吃这种虫子，因此就不会告诉其他的鸟类不要吃这种虫子，因此带毒的虫子就还会继续被吃。

因为这些鸟类不会死掉，因此这些鸟类就继续做队长，他们就会告诉其他的鸟类不要去吃这种带毒素的虫子，这样同类的insects存活率就会大增，因为鸟类会长期在这个固定的区域移动，而虫子也会在这个固定的区域移动，鸟类认识了这种虫子，他们就不会再吃这种虫子了，因此这种虫子的存活率就增高了。

参考阅读

Predator-Prey Cycles

How do predators affect populations of the prey animals? The answer is not as simple as might be thought. Moose reached Isle Royale in Lake Superior by crossing over winter ice and multiplied freely there in isolation without predators. When wolves later reached the island, naturalists widely assumed that the wolves would play a key role in controlling the moose population. Careful studies have demonstrated, however, that this is not the case. The wolves eat mostly old or diseased animals that would not survive long anyway. In general, the moose population is controlled by food availability, disease, and other factors rather than by the wolves.

When experimental populations are set up under simple laboratory conditions, the predator often exterminates its prey and then becomes extinct itself, having nothing left to eat. However, if safe areas like those prey animals have in the wild are provided, the prey population drops to low levels but not to extinction. Low prey population levels then provide inadequate food for the predators, causing the predator population to decrease. When this occurs, the prey population can rebound. In this situation the predator and prey populations may continue in this cyclical pattern for some time.

Population cycles are characteristic of some species of small mammals, and they sometimes appear to be brought about by predators. Ecologists studying hare populations have found that the North American snowshoe hare follows a roughly ten-year cycle. Its numbers fall tenfold to thirtyfold in a typical cycle, and a hundredfold change can occur. Two factors appear to be generating the cycle: food plants and predators.

The preferred foods of snowshoe hares are willow and birch twigs. As hare density increases, the quantity of these twigs decreases, forcing the hares to feed on low-quality, high-fiber food. Lower birth rates, low juvenile survivorship, and low growth rates follow, so there is a corresponding decline in hare abundance. Once the hare population has declined, it takes two to three years for the quantity of twigs to recover.

A key predator of the snowshoe hare is the Canada lynx. The Canada lynx shows a ten-year cycle of abundance that parallels the abundance cycle of hares. As hare numbers increase, lynx numbers do too, rising in response to the increased availability of lynx food.

What causes the predator-prey oscillations? Do increasing numbers of hares lead to overharvesting of plants, which in turn results in reduced hare populations, or do increasing numbers of lynx lead to overharvesting of hares? Field experiments carried out by Charles Krebs and coworkers in 1992 provide an answer. Krebs investigated experimental plots in Canada`s Yukon territory that contained hare populations. When food was added to these plots (no food effect) and predators were excluded (no predator effect) from an experimental area, hare numbers increased tenfold and stayed there-the cycle was lost. However, the cycle was retained if either of the factors was allowed to operate alone: if predators were excluded but food was not added (food effect alone), or if food was added in the presence of predators (predator effect alone). Thus, both factors can affect the cycle, which, in practice, seems to be generated by the conjunction of the two factors.

Predators are an essential factor in maintaining communities that are rich and diverse in species. Without predators, the species that is the best competitor for food, shelter, nesting sites, and other environmental resources tends to dominate and exclude the species with which it competes. This phenomenon is known as "competitor exclusion." However, if the community contains a predator of the strongest competitor species, then the population of that competitor is controlled. Thus even the less competitive species are able to survive. For example, sea stars prey on a variety of bivalve mollusks and prevent these bivalves from monopolizing habitats on the sea floor. This opens up space for many other organisms. When sea stars are removed, species diversity falls sharply. Therefore, from the standpoint of diversity, it is usually a mistake to eliminate a major predator from a community.

Passage Three

学科分类

题目

社会学

欧洲艺术沙龙

内容回忆

从达芬奇开始与艺术相关的职业就在意大利社会当中的地位越来越高。然后就慢慢地出现了相关的艺术学院，他们主要的目的就是给艺术注入理性以及逻辑。

一开始对于艺术的认可的权力都完全集中在官方的手中，因此当时的艺术从业者都以把自己的画放入沙龙之中展出，来作为自己目标，因为一旦放进去，就意味着受到了官方的认可。

但是慢慢地随着时间的进展，salon向越来越多的画家开放了，可以说历史学家已经很难找到没有在salon里做画展的画家了，虽然历史学家一直在努力寻找。但是哪怕在这样的时代，被官方承认，一直都还蛮重要的。

到后期，就有法国的艺术家已经在salon里面长期有自己的包间了，就是在里面长期的展览自己的画作。

但是也仍然有很多不同的画作风格可以再salon里面展示。

参考阅读

Rock Art of the Australian Aborigines

Ever since Europeans first explored Australia, people have been trying to understand the ancient rock drawings and carvings created by the Aborigines, the original inhabitants of the continent. Early in the nineteenth century, encounters with Aboriginal rock art tended to be infrequent and open to speculative interpretation, but since the late nineteenth century, awareness of the extent and variety of Australian rock art has been growing. In the latter decades of the twentieth century there were intensified efforts to understand and record the abundance of Australian rock art.

The systematic study of this art is a relatively new discipline in Australia. Over the past four decades new discoveries have steadily added to the body of knowledge. The most significant data have come from a concentration on three major questions. First, what is the age of Australian rock art? Second, what is its stylistic organization and is it possible to discern a sequence or a pattern of development between styles? Third, is it possible to interpret accurately the subject matter of ancient rock art, bringing to bear all available archaeological techniques and the knowledge of present-day Aboriginal informants?

The age of Australia`s rock art is constantly being revised, and earlier datings have been proposed as the result of new discoveries. Currently, reliable scientific evidence dates the earliest creation of art on rock surfaces in Australia to somewhere between 30,000 and 50,000 years ago. This in itself is an almost incomprehensible span of generations, and one that makes Australia`s rock art the oldest continuous art tradition in the world.

Although the remarkable antiquity of Australia`s rock art is now established, the sequences and meanings of its images have been widely debated. Since the mid-1970s a reasonably stable picture has formed of the organization of Australian rock art. In order to create a sense of structure to this picture, researchers have relied on a distinction that still underlies the forms of much indigenous visual culture-a distinction between geometric and figurative elements. Simple geometric repeated patterns-circles, concentric circles, and lines-constitute the iconography (characteristic images) of the earliest rock-art sites found across Australia. The frequency with which certain simple motifs appear in these oldest sites has led rock-art researchers to adopt a descriptive term-the Panaramitee style-a label which takes its name from the extensive rock pavements at Panaramitee North in desert South Australia, which are covered with motifs pecked into the surface. Certain features of these engravings lead to the conclusion that they are of great age-geological changes had clearly happened after the designs had been made and local Aboriginal informants, when first questioned about them, seemed to know nothing of their origins. Furthermore, the designs were covered with "desert varnish," a glaze that develops on rock surfaces over thousands of years of exposure to the elements. The simple motifs found at Panaramitee are common to many rock-art sites across Australia. Indeed, sites with engravings of geometric shapes are also to be found on the island of Tasmania, which was separated from the mainland of the continent some 10,000 years ago.

In the 1970s, when the study of Australian archaeology was in an exciting phase of development, with the great antiquity of rock art becoming clear, Lesley Maynard, the archaeologist who coined the phrase "Panaramitee style," suggested that a sequence could be determined for Australian rock art in which a geometric style gave way to a simple figurative style (outlines of figures and animals), followed by a range of complex figurative styles that, unlike the pan-Australian geometric tradition, tended to much greater regional diversity. While accepting that this sequence fits the archaeological profile of those sites, which were occupied continuously over many thousands of years, a number of writers have warned that the underlying assumption of such a sequence-a development from the simple and the geometric to the complex and naturalistic-obscures the cultural continuities in Aboriginal Australia in which geometric symbolism remains fundamentally important. In this context the simplicity of a geometric motif may be more apparent than real. Motifs of seeming simplicity can encode complex meanings in Aboriginal Australia. And has not twentieth-century art shown that naturalism does not necessarily follow abstraction in some kind of predetermined sequence?

综合点评

今日有2场考试，2场考完学生均普遍反映偏难。

个别同学出现“双加试”，听到一个section时已坚持不下去。建议学生平时模考可采用双加试模式，熟悉并适应考试状态。

学生反映多选题比较多，需要学生注意细节和多选考点，听力基本功必须夯实到位。

注意对话考点：建议、要求易出多选。

Conversation 1

话题分类

学术讨论

内容回忆

一个学生去找他的写作导师，他说他的教授不满意他的论文草稿中的结论，然后导师给出了一些建议并且要求学生写一下implication这里出了双选。

参考练习：题目28C1

Conversation 2

话题分类

校园生活

内容回忆

讲的是一个游泳队的学生去找他的教练（主旨出了双选）。

教练说学生在比赛中游的好，学生说他以为自己在比赛中完蛋了，因为他没睡觉她在赶作业，但她准时上交作业了。

她的教授很失望没能去观摩比赛。

这个女生给教授很多关于宣传的建议（出了双选）：请摄影师和贴东西在学校，但是教练不想让他那么辛苦

Conversation 3

话题分类

学术讨论

内容回忆

“剧中剧”的讨论

参考练习：题目42C1

Lecture 1

话题分类

生物

内容回忆

研究alligator和crocodile的说alligator的身上有一些东西连接着他的中枢神经他们然后一个学者研究这些东西现在上面滴了有色的水然后又去用光和鱼触碰它后发现螺丝刀掉到水里会导致鳄鱼反应发现那些东西是用来探测水的波动（出了排序）

参考练习：题目24L1

Lecture 2

话题分类

人类学

内容回忆

为什么有的人类还维持着hunter gather的生活，然后列举了优点（有双选）：hunter gather个子更高同时食物品种多，然后列举说定居人爱得病因为和生物一起生活但是更安全，因为他们的骨头破损少

Lecture 3

话题分类

生物

内容回忆

讲的是一种H蚂蚁可以自己寻思自己该做什么不需要他的队长下命令，因为这个蚂蚁的女皇只负责产卵，并不管理，但是这些工蚁可以通过闻别人的味道来得知他们需要去做什么因为蚂蚁一共有四个工作，巡逻，找食物，维护，丢垃圾，这些的工作者气味不一样，所以他们通过不同的气味的出现频率就知道那种工作有需求从而根据环境变化来改变自身的工作

Lecture 4

话题分类

天文

内容回忆

太阳系solar system

Task 1 二选一/偏爱

内容回忆

是否同意：高考后休息一年

参考答案

Personally speaking, I totally agree with the idea that I can take gap year into my consideration. There are so many good reasons. But don’t get me wrong. It doesn’t mean that I will quit my study during the whole year. The first benefit is that I am capable of traveling around the world to look for what I’d like to do in the future endeavors. If I found the career that I am crazy about, it is much more conducive to my whole life. Another benefit that I want to mention is that gap year brings flexible time. Students are busy with classes that everybody needs to learn. They may not very keen on them. The gap year is a good time to read more books. All in all, Gap year makes students better in compare with students who directly attend university.

Task 2

阅读

待补充

听力

待补充

Task 3

阅读

听力

鸟类和人类接触并受益

Task 4

话题

听力

publicity比advertizement的优势

综合点评

这次托福考试写作部分整体难度适中，综合写作是新的考题，独立写作重复家考题目。

其中，综合写作考查生态环境类，整体难度偏高，生僻词汇较多。

独立写作个社会科学类题，难度适中，三选一类话题，学生在备考过程需要重视这类考题。

综合写作

话题分类

生态环境类

考题回忆

总论点

美国栗树因为一个真菌快毁灭了

阅读部分

一个美国的nut tree 遭到the fungus入侵然后作者给了几个想法一个是杀死所有被侵犯的nut tree 第二个是给树注射能杀死the fungus的病毒第三个是杂交不同地的树比如中国的nut tree（american chestnut tree被fungus infected需要三个strategy让它活过来）

听力部分

听力：教授不同意其他的树也可以传播the fungus 比如 oak tree 所以没用第二个是因为病毒很难自己自动的传播所以科学家和管理员必须人工的每棵树都要注射病毒非常浪费时间和钱第三个是杂交会导致树不习惯美国的生长环境即便与中国nut tree杂交可以获得抗性

解题思路

阅读部分

　　1. 1. 一个是杀死所有被侵犯的nut tree

　　2. 2. 第二个是给树注射能杀死the fungus的病毒　　                      3. 3. 第三个是杂交不同地的树比如中国的nut tree

听力部分

　　1. 1. 教授不同意其他的树也可以传播the fungus 比如 oak tree 所以没用；

　　2. 2. 因为病毒很难自己自动的传播所以科学家和管理员必须人工的每棵树都要注射病毒非常浪费时间和钱;

　　3. 3. 杂交会导致树不习惯美国的生长环境即便与中国nut tree杂交可以获得抗性。

参考范文

范文:

Both the reading and the listening discuss about releasing a type of fungus that invade the nut trees in the natural environment and make them almost extinct. The reading raises three arguments to several methods to resolve the problem, while the lecturer holds a totally different viewpoint.

First, as the reading suggests, the government should eliminate all the trees that has been infected. However, the listening points out that not all the trees have the capacity to spread disease, thus it would be worthless to do so.

Second, the reading mentions that through drug injection a tree can become robust and healthy again. The listening, on the other hand, argues that to inject every diseased tree requires great effort and labour.

Third, the reading passage suggests that through hybridization with the species of China the tree can become healthy. On the contrary, the lecturer argues that even doing so can make the trees develop an inner resistance to the fungus, it is very likely those trees may have problem adjusting to the living environment of America.

独立写作

话题分类

社会科学类

考题回忆

Imagine that you have been given the opportunity to advise the government of a city or region (area) that you are familiar with to spend more money on ONE thing to benefit the city or region. Which ONE of these do you believe would be the most beneficial for the city or region? Why?

-Providing more affordable housing

-Decreasing (reducing) air and water pollution

-Attracting new businesses to the city or region

解题思路

1 Providing affordable housing:

--能吸引更多优秀的毕业生来这里工作, 促进经济的发展。因为刚毕业的学生没有存款，需要一些低价的房屋。

坏处:-- 好处并不大. 因为优秀的人才都可以找到高薪工作。这项政策只是有利于一些低收入人群，对城市的发展并没有特别的帮助.

2. reducing air and water pollution

--环境好有利于当地人的健康。比如空气污染导致城市中患哮喘的人特别多。...

--环境好一定程度上有利于促进经济发展。因为人们都希望到环境好的地方旅游，甚至是定居。新加坡，被誉为花园城市,几乎没有污染环境的重工业，就是一个很好的例子。每年不仅吸引了上百万的人去旅游，欣赏热带风光，还吸引了很多高素质的人才，比如程序员，律师，公司高管，去那里工作。既然他们的自己的高水平可以帮助他们在世界任何一个大城市获得工作land a job，为什么要选择 crowded, traffic-ridden, polluted and devoid of green spaces的城市，不选择一个空气清新，远离污染的地方呢？

坏处：需要很长时间+很多资金投入才能收回成效.

3. attracting new business to city and region

--能直接促进就业，提升人们生活水平提升。比如，上海迪士尼 Disneyland-theme park，建造工程，演职人员等等… 给当地原本的低收入农民提供了很多工作，月收入也提升到了 3000..

--能方便人们生活。比如Disneyland 就让人们多了一个放松娱乐的好地方。比如Uber, ride-hailing 进入到我们城市，出行就变得很方便了.

--能带来新的税收收入，政府可以用来提升城市基础设施…

参考范文

范文：

As a matter of fact, given the development of our country’s economy and the improvement of people’s living standards, modern citizens are paying more and more attention to their social environment.And one significant factor of this issue is how to ensure the prosperity and development of a city.People are calling on the leaders of each city to argue the matter out, regarding which approach should be carried out:Providing more affordable housing；Decreasing (reducing) air and water pollution，or attracting new businesses to the city or region. In my opinion, attracting new business to city and region is the best way to protect and develop a city’s prosperity.

Commonly speaking, lowering food price and providing affordable housing may bring about favorable consequences,they are likely to put great pressure on the city’s budget. Then the government will have no money for other important social issues, which can finally pose threat to the city in the long turn. According to researchers from Department of Society in Fudan University, in their updated experiment about local governments, over 67% city leaders choose to create job opportunities instead of lowering food price or providing housing due to financial problems, which serves as a persuasive evidence that providing affordable housing maybe is not the best choice for prosperity of the city.

In terms of reducing the air and water pollution. To start with, protecting the environment may attract more people to travel to the city, which indirectly increases the revenue of the city. But it may hinder the process of our society, for spending resources to need a big amount of funding and takes a long time to be paid off. People currently are in urgent need of resources and land from the nature for technological improvement and food production, so protection of the air and water will hold back human beings’development, resulting in decreased living standards of people. Additionally, if laws to reduce pollution are passed and enforced, numerous business are likely to be negatively influenced, which leads to unstable economic situation.As most corporations rely on traditional sources to operate, once they are forbidden from exploiting them, they will make less profit out of restricted resources, and even go bankrupt.When this situation takes place in more and more business, devastating effects can result in local and global economy.

So probably the most plausible solution comes from attracting new business to city. Attracting new business to the city requires little financial support from the government, because the leader of the city may simply make policy which demands local business to implement it by opening more jobs for the unemployed. Additionally, such policy will greatly improve those people’s living condition and sense of happiness, which is the core of city development.The unemployed who receive job offers will in turn help boost the economy of the city, with increased purchasing power and hard work.As a result, with little financial input, the leader will witness dramatic changes of market happening in the city, which facilitates further development of the society.

In conclusion, I believe that the best way to increase confidence is to attract new business to city for the suggestions and methods because of the reasons above.